Veterinary Anatomy

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Veterinary anatomy explores how the bodies of domestic animals are built and how their structures differ across species. These notes start with anatomical terminology and planes, then cover bones, joints, muscles, movement, nerves, blood vessels, sense organs, and internal organs. Histology and embryology round out the subject by showing how tissues are organised and how the body develops. Together, these topics build a foundation for clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, and surgery. Close subject description

Veterinary anatomy explores how the bodies of domestic animals are built and how their structures differ across species.

These notes start with anatomical terminology and planes, then cover bones, joints, muscles, movement, nerves, blood vessels, sense organs, and internal organs. Histology and embryology round out the subject by showing how tissues are organised and how the body develops. Together, these topics build a foundation for clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, and surgery.

Osteology

All topics
  1. Basics of Anatomy
  2. Introduction of Osteology
  3. Composition of Bone
  4. Structure of Bone
  5. Classification of Bones
  6. Coverings of Bone
  7. Bone Marrow
  8. Bone Development and Ossification
  9. Terminology in Osteology
  10. Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone
  11. Skeleton of Domestic Animals
  12. Appendicular Skeleton
  13. Scapula Bone
  14. Humerus Bone
  15. Radius Bone
  16. Ulna Bone
  17. Carpal Bones
  18. Metacarpal Bones
  19. Digits of Forelimb
  20. Phalanges of Forelimb
  21. Proximal Sesamoids of Forelimbs
  22. Distal Sesamoid of Forelimb
  23. Os Coxae
  24. Bony Pelvis
  25. Femur Bone
  26. Patella Bone
  27. Tibia Bone
  28. Fibula Bone
  29. Tarsal Bones
  30. Metatarsal Bones
  31. Digits of Hindlimb
  32. Axial Skeleton
  33. Vertebral Column
  34. Cervical Vertebrae
  35. Atlas
  36. Axis
  37. 3rd to 7th Cervical Vertebrae
  38. Thoracic Vertebrae
  39. Lumbar Vertebrae
  40. Sacrum
  41. Coccygeal Vertebrae
  42. Ribs
  43. Sternum
  44. Thorax
  45. Skull Bones
  46. Cranial Bones
  47. Parietal Bone
  48. Interparietal Bone
  49. Occipital Bone
  50. Sphenoid Bone
  51. Ethmoid Bone
  52. Temporal Bone
  53. Frontal Bone of Animals
  54. Cranial Cavity
  55. Facial Bones
  56. Nasal Bone
  57. Premaxilla Bone
  58. Maxilla Bone
  59. Palatine Bone
  60. Pterygoid Bone
  61. Lacrimal Bone
  62. Malar Bone
  63. Turbinate Bone of Animals
  64. Vomer Bone
  65. Mandible Bone
  66. Hyoid Bone of Animals
  67. Nasal Cavity
  68. Sinuses of the Skull

Arthrology

All topics
  1. Introduction of Arthrology
  2. Development of Joints
  3. Classification of Joints
  4. Movements of Joints
  5. Articulations of Skull
  6. Temporo-Mandibular articulations
  7. Hyoidean articulations
  8. Articulations of Vertebral column
  9. Common Vertebral articulations
  10. Special Vertebral articulation
  11. Occipito Atlantal articulations
  12. Atlanto Axial articulations
  13. Sacral and Coccygeal articulations
  14. Thoracic Articulations
  15. Joints of the Forelimb
  16. Shoulder joint
  17. Elbow or Cubital joint
  18. Knee joint
  19. Inter metacarpal joint
  20. Fetlock joint of forelimb
  21. Pastern joint of forelimb
  22. Coffin Joint of forelimb
  23. Joints of Hindlimb
  24. Sacro-Iliac Joint
  25. Pelvic Symphysis
  26. Hip Joint
  27. Stifle Joint
  28. Tibio-fibular joint
  29. Hock joint
  30. Fetlock joint of hindlimb
  31. Pastern Joint of hindlimb
  32. Coffin Joint of hindlimb

Biomechanics

All topics
  1. Definition and History of Biomechanics
  2. Statics and Dynamics
  3. Biomechanics of Trunk
  4. Biomechanics of Forelimb
  5. Biomechanics of hindlimb
  6. Centre of Gravity for animals
  7. Types of Movement in animals
  8. Applications of Biomechanics

Myology

All topics
  1. Muscles of Animals
  2. Skeletal Muscles
  3. Smooth Muscles
  4. Cardiac Muscles
  5. Accessory structure of muscles
  6. Muscles of subcutaneous region
  7. Muscles of Pectoral Girdle
  8. Pectoral Muscles
  9. Trapezius Muscle
  10. Branchiocephalicus Muscle
  11. Omotransversarius muscle
  12. Latissimus dorsi muscle
  13. Serratus ventralis muscle
  14. Rhomboideus muscle
  15. Muscles of Shoulder region
  16. Medial group of muscles of Shoulder region
  17. Lateral group of muscles of Shoulder region
  18. Muscles of Arm region
  19. Extensor muscles of Arm region
  20. Flexor muscle of Arm region
  21. Muscles of Thoracic limb of Horse
  22. Muscles of Thoracic limb of Dog
  23. Fascia of Thigh
  24. Muscles of Hip and Thigh
  25. Lateral muscles of Hip and Thigh
  26. Medial muscles of Hip and Thigh
  27. Anterior Muscles of Thigh
  28. Muscles of Leg and Foot
  29. Dorsolateral group of muscles of Leg and Foot
  30. Planter group of muscles of Leg and Foot
  31. Muscles of Pelvic Limb of Horse
  32. Muscles of Pelvic limb of Dog
  33. Muscles of Sub-lumbar region
  34. Muscles of Abdomen
  35. Four Abdominal Muscles
  36. Muscles of Back and Loin
  37. First layer of muscles of back and loin
  38. Second layer of muscles of back and loin
  39. Third layer of muscles of back and loin
  40. Fourth layer of muscles of back and loin
  41. Fifth layer of muscles of back and loin
  42. Muscles of the Tail
  43. Muscles of The Head
  44. Muscles of the Facial region
  45. Muscles of the Palpebral region or eyelid
  46. Muscles of the auricular region
  47. Muscles of the temporo-mandibular region
  48. Muscles of the hyoid region
  49. Muscles of the orbital region / eyeball
  50. Muscles of the head of Horse
  51. Muscles of the Head of Dog
  52. Muscles of the Neck
  53. Muscles of the Neck of Horse
  54. Muscles of the Neck of Dog
  55. Muscles of the Thorax
  56. Muscles of the Tongue
  57. Muscles of the Soft Palate
  58. Muscles of the Pharynx
  59. Muscles of Larynx

Neurology

All topics
  1. Introduction of Neurology
  2. Cerebrospinal system
  3. Meninges of brain
  4. Brain
  5. Forebrain
  6. Cerebral hemisphere
  7. Cerebral Cortex
  8. Cortical centre of brain
  9. Corpus callosum
  10. Hippocampus
  11. Rhinencephalon or Olfactory bulbs
  12. Interbrain-thalamus
  13. Pineal body and Hypothalamus
  14. Fornix
  15. Basal Ganglia or Carpus striatum
  16. Midbrain
  17. Corpora Quadrigemina
  18. Cerebral aqueduct
  19. Cerebral peduncles
  20. Hindbrain
  21. Cerebellum
  22. Pons
  23. Medulla Oblangata
  24. Ventricles of Brain
  25. Tract of spinal cord
  26. Tracts of spinal cord in dorsal white column
  27. Tracts of spinal cord in lateral white column
  28. Tracts of spinal cord in ventral white column
  29. Cranial nerves
  30. Classification of cranial nerves
  31. Olfactory nerve
  32. Optic nerve
  33. Occulomotor nerve
  34. Trochlear nerve
  35. Trigeminal nerve
  36. Abducent nerve
  37. Facial nerve
  38. Acoustic or Auditory nerve
  39. Glossopharyngeal nerve
  40. Vagus nerve
  41. Spinal accessory nerve
  42. Hypoglossal nerve
  43. Spinal Nerves
  44. Cervical spinal nerves
  45. Thoracic spinal nerves
  46. Brachial plexus
  47. Lumbar spinal nerves
  48. Sacral spinal nerves
  49. Lumbo-Sacral plexus
  50. Autonomic Nervous System
  51. Sympathetic system
  52. Classification of Sympathetic system
  53. Parasympathetic system

Angiology

All topics
  1. Introduction of Angiology
  2. Blood Vascular System
  3. Structure of Heart
  4. Pericardium
  5. Chambers of Heart
  6. Right atrium
  7. Right Ventricle
  8. Left atrium
  9. Left ventricle
  10. Heart of Horse, Dog and Fowl
  11. Skeletal structure of heart
  12. Neuromyocardium – Conduction system of heart
  13. Pulmonary and systemic circulation
  14. Pulmonary artery
  15. Pulmonary veins
  16. Aorta
  17. Common brachiocephalic trunk
  18. Coronary arteries
  19. Brachial artery
  20. Oesophageal artery
  21. Intercostal arteries and Phrenic arteries
  22. Common carotid artery and it’s branches
  23. Bicarotid trunk and common carotid artery
  24. Occipital artery
  25. External Maxillary artery
  26. Superficial temporal artery
  27. Internal maxillary artery
  28. Terminal branches of External Maxillary artery
  29. External carotid artery
  30. Blood supply to brain
  31. Brachial arteries
  32. Intra-thoracic branches of Brachial artery
  33. Internal thoracic artery of Brachial artery
  34. Inferior cervical artery of Brachial artery
  35. Extra thoracic branches of Brachial artery
  36. Suprascapular artery
  37. External thoracic artery
  38. Subscapular artery
  39. Anterior circumflex artery of the Humerus
  40. Deep brachial artery
  41. Collateral ulnar artery
  42. Collateral radial artery
  43. Median artery of the brachial artery
  44. Radial artery of the brachial artery
  45. Ulnar artery of the brachial artery
  46. Dorsal metacarpal artery
  47. Branches of Abdominal aorta
  48. Coeliac artery
  49. Anterior mesenteric artery
  50. Renal artery
  51. Lumbar arteries
  52. Internal spermatic arteries
  53. Posterior mesenteric artery
  54. Terminal Branches of aorta
  55. External iliac artery
  56. Femoral artery
  57. Popliteal artery
  58. Internal iliac artery
  59. Sacral artery
  60. Coccygeal artery
  61. Arterial distribution in Horse
  62. Arterial distribution in Dog
  63. Venous system
  64. Venous drainage of Cranium
  65. Sinuses of the Duramater
  66. Anterior vena cava
  67. Vena hemizygous
  68. Cephalic vein
  69. Subcutaneous thoracic and abdominal vein
  70. Posterior vena cava
  71. Saphenous and recurrent tarsal vein
  72. Portal Vein
  73. Venous drainage of Udder
  74. Lymphatic System
  75. Thoracic duct and Lumbar trunk
  76. Right lymphatic duct and Tracheal duct
  77. Lymph Nodes
  78. Lymph nodes of head
  79. Lymph nodes of Thorax
  80. Lymph nodes of neck and forelimb
  81. Lymph node of abdomen and hindlimb
  82. Visceral lymph nodes
  83. Parietal lymph node
  84. Species difference of lymph nodes

Aesthesiology

All topics
  1. Introduction of Aesthesiology
  2. Anatomy of Eye
  3. Peri-orbita of eye ball
  4. Tunics of Eye ball
  5. Cornea of eyeball
  6. Sclera of eye ball
  7. Choroid of eye ball
  8. Ciliary body of eye
  9. Iris of eye
  10. Retina of eye or Nervous tunic
  11. Refractive media of eye
  12. Ear – Organ of Hearing
  13. External Ear
  14. Middle Ear
  15. Internal Ear
  16. Osseous Labyrinth of ear
  17. Membranous Labyrinth of ear
  18. Microscopic Structure of Membranous labyrinth of ear
  19. Organ of smell
  20. Organ of Taste
  21. Skin and Skin appendages
  22. Skin of Horse, Dog, Pig, Rabbit and Fowl

Histology

All topics
  1. Tissues
  2. Epithelium
  3. Classification of epithelium
  4. Simple epithelium
  5. Transitional epithelium
  6. Pseudo stratified epithelium
  7. Special features of epithelium
  8. Stratified epithelium
  9. Connective tissue
  10. Classification of Connective tissue
  11. Embryonal connective tissue
  12. Loose connective tissue
  13. Dense connective tissue
  14. special connective tissue
  15. Reticulo-endothelial system
  16. Epithelium glands
  17. Histology of Exocrine glands
  18. Based on the shape of the secretory unit
  19. Based on the ductular system
  20. Based on the mode of secretion
  21. Based on the nature of secretion
  22. Based on the consistency of the secretion
  23. Histology of Endocrine glands
  24. Histology of Cartilage
  25. Histology of Hyaline cartilage
  26. Elastic Cartilage
  27. White fibro cartilage
  28. Ground substance of cartilage
  29. Perichondrium of cartilage
  30. Bone (Osseous tissue)
  31. Histology of Compact bone
  32. Histology of Cancellated bone
  33. Periosteum and Endosteum
  34. Histology of Bone marrow
  35. Blood vessels and nerve of the bone
  36. Blood and Lymph
  37. Histology of Erythrocytes
  38. Histology of Leucocytes
  39. Red marrow (Myeloid tissue)
  40. Histology of Muscle tissue
  41. Histology of Smooth muscles
  42. Histology of Skeletal Muscles
  43. Histology of Cardiac Muscles
  44. Regeneration of muscles
  45. Nervous tissue
  46. Axon or Axis cylinder
  47. Neurolemma or sheath of Schwann
  48. Medullated or Myelinated nerve fibers
  49. Amyelinated or non-myelinated nerve fibers
  50. Connective tissue of peripheral nerve
  51. Blood supply of nerve fiber
  52. Physiological properties of the nerve fiber
  53. Nerve terminations
  54. Effectors – Motor end Plate
  55. Visceral efferent fibers
  56. Receptors
  57. Muscle tendon spindle (Organ of Golgi)
  58. Histology of Synapse
  59. Histology of Ganglia
  60. Histology of Neuroglia
  61. Repair and regeneration of adult tissue
  62. Histology of Circulatory system
  63. Histology of Blood vascular system
  64. Histology of Capillaries
  65. Histology of arteries
  66. Histology of veins
  67. Histology of lymph vascular system
  68. Histology of Digestive system
  69. Histology of Salivary glands
  70. Histology of Tongue
  71. Histology of Taste buds
  72. Histology of Digestive tube
  73. Histology of Oesophagus
  74. Histology of Stomach
  75. Histology of Fore-stomach of ruminants
  76. Histology of Glandular stomach
  77. Histology of Small intestine
  78. Histology of Large intestine
  79. Blood vessels to stomach and intestine
  80. Nerve to stomach and intestine
  81. Lymphatics to stomach and intestine
  82. Histology of Liver
  83. Histology of Gall bladder
  84. Histology of Pancreas
  85. Histology of Urinary System
  86. Histology of Kidneys
  87. Histology of Nephron
  88. Blood supply to kidney
  89. Excretion of Urine – Histology
  90. Histological Species difference in Kidney
  91. Histology of Renal Pelvis and calyces
  92. Histology of Ureter
  93. Blood vessels of Urinary system
  94. Histology of Integumentary system
  95. Histology of Skin
  96. Histology of Hairs
  97. Histology of Hair follicle
  98. Histology of Skin glands
  99. Blood vessels and nerves of Integumentary system
  100. Histological Species difference in Integumentary system
  101. Histology of Respiratory system
  102. Histology of Trachea
  103. Histology of Lungs
  104. Histology of Conduction division of Lungs
  105. Histology of Respiratory division of Lungs
  106. Histology of Male Reproductive system
  107. Histology of Testis
  108. Histology of Epididymis
  109. Histology of Vas deferens
  110. Histology of Accessory genital glands
  111. Histology of Urethra of Male
  112. Histology of Penis
  113. Histology of Female Reproductive system
  114. Histology of Ovary
  115. Histology of Oviduct (Uterine tube or Fallopian tube)
  116. Histology of Uterus
  117. Histology of Vagina
  118. Histology of Mammary glands
  119. Histology of Endocrine system
  120. Histology of Thyroid gland
  121. Histology of Parathyroid gland
  122. Histology of Adrenal or suprarenal gland
  123. Histology of Pituitary gland or Hypophysis cerebri
  124. Histology of Lymphoid system
  125. Histology of Tonsils
  126. Histology of Lymph nodes (Lymph gland)
  127. Histology of Spleen
  128. Histology of Thymus
  129. Histology of Nervous system
  130. Histology of Cerebrum
  131. Histology of Cerebellum
  132. Histology of Spinal cord

Splanchnology

All topics
  1. Splanchnology of Thoracic cavity
  2. Splanchnology of Abdominal cavity
  3. Peritoneum and Omentum
  4. Splanchnology of Pelvic cavity
  5. Splanchnology of Mouth
  6. Splanchnology of Lips (Labia oris)
  7. Splanchnology of Cheeks (Buccae) of Animals
  8. Splanchnology of Gums (Gingivae) of Animals
  9. Hard palate (Palatum durum) of Animals
  10. Soft palate (Palatum molle) of Animals
  11. Floor of the Mouth of Animals
  12. Isthmus faucium in Animals
  13. Tongue of Animals
  14. Teeth of Different Animals
  15. Salivary glands of different animals
  16. Pharynx of different animals – Ox
  17. Oesophagus of different animals
  18. Exterior of Ruminant Stomach of Ox
  19. Interior of Ruminant Stomach of Ox
  20. Stomach of Sheep and Goat
  21. Stomach of Horse
  22. Stomach of Pig
  23. Stomach of Dog
  24. Stomach of Rabbit
  25. Stomach of Fowl
  26. Small intestine of Ox
  27. Small intestine of sheep and goat
  28. Small intestine of Horse
  29. Small intestine of Pig
  30. Small intestine of Dog
  31. Small intestine of Rabbit
  32. Small intestine of Fowl
  33. Large intestine of Ox
  34. Large intestine of Horse
  35. Large intestine of Pig
  36. Large intestine of Dog
  37. Large intestine of Rabbit
  38. Large intestine of Fowl
  39. Liver of Ox (Animal)
  40. Liver of Sheep and Goat
  41. Liver of Horse
  42. Liver of Pig
  43. Liver of Dog
  44. Liver of Rabbit
  45. Liver of Fowl
  46. Pancreas of animals – Ox, Sheep, Goat, horse, pig, dog, rabbit, fowl
  47. Nasal Cavity of different Animals
  48. Larynx of Animals- Ox, horse, sheep, goat, dog, cat, rabbit, fowl, pig
  49. Trachea of Animals
  50. Bronchi of Animals
  51. Lungs of Animals
  52. Kidney of Animals
  53. Ureter of Animals
  54. Urinary Bladder of Animals
  55. Scrotum of Animals
  56. Testes and Epididymis of Animals
  57. Spermatic Cord of Animals
  58. Tunica Vaginalis of Animals
  59. Decent of testes in Animals
  60. Vas deferens of Animals
  61. Uterus Masculinus or Utriculus Prostaticus of Animals
  62. Species Variation in Accessory Sex Glands of Male Animals
  63. Urethra of Animals
  64. Species Variations of the Penis
  65. Prepuce of Animals
  66. Structure of Ovary of Animals
  67. Oviduct or Fallopian tubes of Animals
  68. Uterus of Different Animals
  69. Anatomy of Vagina
  70. Vulva of Different Animals
  71. Female Urethra of Animals
  72. Mammary gland or udder of Animals
  73. Spleen of Animals
  74. Thymus Of Animals
  75. Thyroid gland of Animals
  76. Parathyroid gland in Animals
  77. Adrenal gland of Animals

Embryology

All topics
  1. Introduction of Veterinary Embryology
  2. General Features of development in animals
  3. Gametogenesis in Animals
  4. Spermatogenesis in Animals
  5. Oogenesis in animals
  6. Comparison between spermatogenesis and oogenesis
  7. Classification of Eggs in Animals
  8. Polarity and Membranes of Egg
  9. Anatomy of Ovulation
  10. Fertilization in Animals
  11. Cleavage in animals
  12. Gastrulation in animals
  13. Foetal Membranes of animals
  14. Placenta and Placentation in Higher animals
  15. Types of Placenta in Animals
  16. Stages in Prenatal Period and Twining in Animals
  17. Development of general body form and early features
  18. Development of Head Region in animals
  19. Development of Trunk and Body wall in Animals
  20. Development of Brachial Region in animals
  21. Development of Pharyngeal Pouches in animals
  22. Development of Liver, Heart, flexor and limb buds
  23. Development of Face (Mouth, Lips and Gums, Cheeks, Palates) in animals
  24. Development of Central Nervous System / CNS
  25. Development of Periphery Nervous System / PNS
  26. Development of Pituitary Gland in animals
  27. Development of Teeth of animals
  28. Development of Tongue of animals
  29. Development of Digestive System of Animals
  30. Development of Respiratory System of Animals
  31. Development of Urinary System in animals
  32. Development of Adrenal Gland in animals
  33. Development of Genital System in animals
  34. Development of Mammary gland of animals
  35. Development of Cardiovascular system in animals
  36. Development of Haemopoiesis in animals
  37. Development of Heart of Animals
  38. Development of Arteries and Veins of animals
  39. Development of Foetal circulation in animals
  40. Development of Muscular System of Animals
  41. Development of Skeletal System of animals
  42. Development of Sense Organs of Animals
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