Sacral and Coccygeal articulations

These are the Sacral and Coccygeal articulations –

1. Sacro-lumbar articulation
   • It mostly resembles the intercentral articulations of the vertebral column except that the intervening fibrocartilage is very thick.
2. Inter-sacral articulations
   • The articulations formed between the five sacral vertebrae in the embryo are obliterated by ossification of the intervertebral discs and fusion between the five vertebrae.
3. Sacro-coccygeal articulations
   • The last segment of the sacrum articulates with the rudimentary first coccygeal vertebra. Only intercentral articulation is well developed.
4. Inter-coccygeal articulation
   • Ox
     • The anterior three or four coccygeal vertebrae have the rudimentary neural canal and the rest are only bi-convex rods.
     • They are united by thick inter vertebral cartilages.
     • There are no spinal ligaments.
     • The coccygeal muscles encircle the body on all sides and acts as ligaments to produce movements.
     • The movements are extensive and varied owing to the smallness of the bodies and suppression of the arches and processes.
   • Horse & Dog
     • No difference.