Semen quality evaluation and bull grading system is a standardized method used to assess the reproductive potential of breeding bulls.

Breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) in bulls is a standardized procedure conducted by veterinarians to assess a bull’s ability to breed and impregnate females successfully.

Ultrasound of the testis for infertility analysis is a non-invasive imaging technique used to evaluate the structure, size, and internal characteristics of the testes and surrounding scrotal structures in males experiencing infertility.

Safe handling and maintenance of liquid nitrogen containers refers to the set of practices and precautions required to properly use, store, and preserve cryogenic vessels (LN₂ containers) to ensure operational safety, equipment longevity, and preservation of the contents, such as frozen biological material.

Constraints of frozen semen refer to the limitations and challenges associated with the use of frozen (cryopreserved) semen in animal reproduction and artificial insemination.

Thawing, loading, and semen deposition are key steps in artificial insemination. Thawing warms frozen semen to revive sperm, usually at 37°C for about 30 seconds.

Artificial insemination (AI) is a reproductive technique in which semen is collected from a male animal and manually inserted into the reproductive tract of a female animal using specialized tools, without natural mating.

Freezing of semen is the process of preserving sperm cells at extremely low temperatures (typically –196°C in liquid nitrogen) to maintain their viability and fertility.

Filling and sealing of semen straws is a critical process in artificial insemination (AI) where semen is accurately loaded into specialized plastic straws and securely sealed to preserve it for storage, transport, and future use in animal breeding.

Frozen semen packaging methods refer to the various techniques used to preserve and store semen at ultra-low temperatures.