Following delivery the calf must rapidly adapt an extrauterine existence in order to cope with variety of environmental conditions.

Stages of parturition or labour do not start or end abruptly and there is no clear demarcation of the stages. But gradually passed from one stage to other stage.

The initiation of parturition is a complex physiological process controlled by fetal and maternal hormonal signals.

The signs of approaching parturition in domestic animals are some that similar, but vary in certain aspects.

Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) in mares (female horses) should not be induced before 320 days of gestation.

Medical termination of pregnancy in cows is performed for various reasons, including fetal abnormalities, maternal health concerns.

Vaginal prolapse is a common condition in small ruminants, particularly in late-gestation ewes and does, due to increased intra-abdominal …

The management and treatment of vaginal prolapse include vulval tape retention suture, Bühner’s method, Caslick’s operation (vulvoplasty), Minchev’s technique, Winkler’s method, Farquharson’s method, and the Guard and Frank technique.

Cervico vaginal prolapse is seen in all species of domestic animals but most commonly in cow and ewe. It is eversion of vagina and cervix.

Torsion of the uterus is defined as the twisting or revolution of the gravid uterus on its long axis and is common in cows and buffaloes.