Movements of Joints

Movements of joints (Movements of Synovial Joints) are determined chiefly by the form, extent of joint surfaces and the arrangements of ligaments. They are classified as-

1. Translation or Gliding: one bone moves or glides over another in the same plane (carpals and tarsals).
2. Angular: During these movements, the angles between the two adjoining bones change. The angular movement as follows;
   • Flexion –The motion that diminishes the angle between the bones forming the joint.
   • Extension-The angle increase or the segment straightens (elbow).
   • Adduction-Inward movement of one segment from the central axis.
   • Abduction- Outward movement of one segment from the central axis.
   • The terms depression, elevation also refer to angular movements in a vertical place (temporo-mandibular joint).
3. Circumduction – The distal end of the bones forming the joint describes a circle or segment of one (hip point).
4. Rotation: One bone rotates around the longitudinal axis of another (atlanto-axial).
5. Pronation and Supination refer to the position and movement of forearm and manus. In supination the volar (palmar in men) face of the manus is turned forward (or upward) and in pronation, it faces backwards (downwards).