Veterinary Physiology

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Veterinary physiology explains how the bodies of domestic animals function and maintain balance. These notes cover blood and circulation, respiration, digestion, kidney function and body fluids, nerve and muscle function, hormones, and reproduction. They connect normal body function with the changes you’ll encounter when studying animal disease. Close subject description

Veterinary physiology explains how the bodies of domestic animals function and maintain balance.

These notes cover blood and circulation, respiration, digestion, kidney function and body fluids, nerve and muscle function, hormones, and reproduction. They connect normal body function with the changes you’ll encounter when studying animal disease.

Blood System

All topics
  1. Functions of Blood in animals
  2. Composition of Blood in animals
  3. Specific Gravity of Blood of Animals
  4. Viscosity and pH of Blood of Animals
  5. Plasma Proteins of blood in animals
  6. Plasma Lipids in Animals
  7. Erythrocyte/RBC of Animals
  8. Abnormalities of RBC Concentration in animals
  9. Erythrocytic indices in animals
  10. Life span and Hemolysis of RBCs in animals
  11. Hematopoiesis in Animals
  12. Erythropoiesis in Animals
  13. Structure and Function of Hemoglobin in Animals
  14. Hemoglobin biosynthesis in animals
  15. Derivatives of Hemoglobin in animals
  16. Leukopoiesis in animals
  17. Leukocytes or WBCs in animals
  18. Neutrophils of animals
  19. Eosinophils of animals
  20. Basophils of Animals
  21. Lymphocytes of Animals
  22. Monocytes of animals
  23. Plasma Cells in animals
  24. Immunity in Animals
  25. Active and Passive immunity in animals
  26. Antibodies in animals
  27. Platelets or thrombocytes in animals
  28. Hemostasis and Vascular spasm in animals
  29. Blood coagulation or blood clotting in animals
  30. Prevention of blood clotting in blood vessels in animals
  31. Blood groups in Animals
  32. Blood Volume in animals
  33. Packed cell volume of animals
  34. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate of Animals

Circulatory system

All topics
  1. Heart and cardiac muscles of animals
  2. Conduction system of heart in animals
  3. Basic mechanism of membrane potential in animals
  4. Events of action Potential in heart
  5. Channels system of cell membrane of heart
  6. Electro chemical changes during action potential in heart
  7. Action potential in cardiac muscle of Animals
  8. Properties of myocardium of animals
  9. Cardiac cycle of animals
  10. Pressure and volume changes in atrium and ventricle
  11. Cardiac sounds of Animals
  12. Stroke volume of animals
  13. Cardiac output or minute volume in animals
  14. Regulation of cardiac output in animals
  15. Intrinsic Regulation of heart in animals
  16. Extrinsic Regulation of Heart in animals
  17. Nervous Regulation of Heart rate in animals
  18. Chemical regulation of the heart in animals
  19. Metabolism and energetics of working myocardial cells in animals
  20. Coronary circulation in animals
  21. Vasodilator chemicals and hormones in animals
  22. Electrocardiography or ECG in animals
  23. Echocardiography in animals
  24. Pulse in animals
  25. Hemodynamics and Distribution of blood in the systemic circulation
  26. Blood Flow and Velocity in animals
  27. Blood Pressure in animals
  28. Mean circulatory filling pressure
  29. Determination of blood pressure in animals
  30. Factors influencing production and maintenance of blood pressure
  31. Regulation of arterial pressure in animals
  32. Nervous Regulation of arterial pressure in animals
  33. Hormonal Regulation of arterial pressure
  34. Vasomotor mechanism and reflexes
  35. Control of arterioles in animals
  36. Control of capillaries
  37. Control of veins in animals
  38. Adjustment of circulation during exercise
  39. Shock in animals
  40. Cerebral circulation in animals
  41. Cutaneous circulation in animals
  42. Skeletal muscle circulation in animals
  43. Splanchnic circulation in animals
  44. Blood flow to rumen and spleen in animals
  45. Hepatic circulations in animals
  46. Fetal circulation and changes in circulation after birth

Excretory System

All topics
  1. Kidney functions of animals
  2. Nephron and types of nephron of animals
  3. Blood supply and innervations of kidney in animals
  4. Juxtaglomerular apparatus or JG apparatus
  5. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and RBF in animals
  6. Autoregulation of GFR & RBF in animals
  7. Formation of urine in the nephrons
  8. Glomerular filtration
  9. Tubular reabsorption
  10. Tubular secretion
  11. Absorptive capabilities of different tubular segments
  12. Reabsorption and secretion in different regions of tubules
  13. Functions of the urinary bladder
  14. Uremia or Azotemia
  15. Renal function tests
  16. Renal mechanism of urine formation and Permeability of the tubules
  17. Counter current mechanism of kidney
  18. Excretion of dilute and concentrated urine
  19. Hormonal regulation of renal function
  20. Electrolytes
  21. Acid base balance
  22. Chemical acid base buffer systems
  23. Respiratory regulation of acid base balance
  24. Renal control of acid base balance
  25. Acid Base balance disturbances
  26. Fluid and electrolyte balance
  27. Excretion in birds
  28. Renal portal system (RPS) in birds
  29. Uric acid formation and excretion in birds
  30. Concentration and urine characteristics of birds
  31. Lymph
  32. Cerebrospinal fluid or CSF
  33. Synovial fluid in joints
  34. Bone metabolism

Nervous system

All topics
  1. Introduction of physiology of nervous system
  2. Embryological development and divisions of nervous system
  3. Neurons
  4. Classification of neurons
  5. Supporting cells of nervous system
  6. Nerve fibers
  7. Classification of Nerve fibers
  8. Properties of nerve fibers
  9. Principles of membrane potential
  10. Resting potentials of nerve and muscle Fibers
  11. Action potential of Nerve and Muscle fibers
  12. The voltage-gated sodium channel
  13. The Voltage – gated Potassium channel
  14. Properties of Impulse and stimulus
  15. Functional anatomy of the synapse
  16. Types of synapse
  17. Synaptic Transmission of Impulse
  18. Ionophore component
  19. Synapse Neurotransmitters
  20. Receptors in animals
  21. Classification of sensory receptor
  22. Cutaneous receptors
  23. Thermoceptors
  24. Nociceptors
  25. Proprioceptors
  26. Muscle spindle organ
  27. Mechanism of action of Gamma motor neurons
  28. Golgi tendon organ
  29. Visceral receptors
  30. Central Nervous System or CNS
  31. Physiological Functions of Cerebral Cortex
  32. Regions of cerebral hemisphere
  33. Corpus collosum
  34. Basal ganglia
  35. Corpus striatum and Globus pallidus
  36. Functions of limbic system
  37. Amygdala
  38. Thalamus and Functions of it
  39. Functions of Specific and non-specific nuclei of thalamus
  40. Pineal gland physiology
  41. Interbrain (Diencephalon)
  42. Cerebellum physiology
  43. Physiology of Midbrain
  44. Physiology of Brain stem
  45. Medulla oblongata and Pons
  46. Functions of BSRF
  47. Reflex activities of brain stem
  48. Emetic reflex in animals
  49. Suckling reflex
  50. Salivatory reflex
  51. Swallowing reflex
  52. Mastication reflex
  53. Cough reflex
  54. Sneeze reflex
  55. Micturition reflex
  56. Physiology of Sleep
  57. Electro Encephalogram
  58. Physiology of Spinal cord
  59. Gray matter and white matter
  60. Sensory Nuclei of spinal cord
  61. Motor Nuclei of spinal cord
  62. Lateral funiculus of spinal cord
  63. Ascending tract of Spinal cord
  64. Descending tract of Spinal cord
  65. Pyramidal system and Major motor control
  66. Demonstration of the motor control of the brain
  67. Gamma loop mechanism
  68. Spinal animal and Thalamic animal
  69. Reflexes
  70. Classification of reflex arc
  71. Properties of reflex arc
  72. Properties of polysynaptic arcs
  73. Postural Reflexes
  74. Physiology of Vestibular apparatus
  75. Nystagmus
  76. Myotatic reflex or Knee jerk reflex
  77. Importance of equatorial region
  78. Golgi tendon reflex
  79. Withdrawal reflex
  80. Scratch reflex or Multisynaptic reflex
  81. Conditioned reflexes
  82. Peripheral nervous system or PNS
  83. Autonomic Nervous System or ANS
  84. Classification of ganglia
  85. Nerve fibers of ANS
  86. Segment of Autonomic Nervous System
  87. Neuro transmitters of Autonomic Nervous System
  88. Physiology of Sympathetic nervous system
  89. Physiology of Parasympathetic nervous system
  90. Functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  91. Reflex activities of Autonomic Nervous System
  92. Enteric Nervous System
  93. Physiological anatomy of eye
  94. Photo transduction
  95. Mechanism of photoreception
  96. Visual pathway in animals
  97. Types of visions in animals
  98. Accommodation of the eye
  99. Auditory apparatus
  100. Process of hearing
  101. Auditory pathway
  102. Olfaction in animals
  103. Gustation in animals
  104. Transduction of taste

Muscular system

All topics
  1. Electron microscopic structures of muscle fibers
  2. Types of muscles
  3. Structure of muscle
  4. Sarcoplasm and Myofibrils
  5. Myosin and Actin filament
  6. Excitation Contraction Coupling
  7. Excitability of muscles
  8. Membrane potential of muscles
  9. Series elastic component of a muscle
  10. Types of whole muscle contraction
  11. Motor end plate
  12. Neuromuscular junction
  13. Acetylcholine Receptors of muscles
  14. Muscle contraction
  15. Sliding mechanism of contraction
  16. Stimulus for muscle and types
  17. Properties of muscle contractions
  18. Summation of muscle contraction
  19. Factors influencing the strength of contraction in muscles
  20. Muscle fatigue
  21. Rigor mortis in muscles
  22. Muscle metabolism
  23. Work done by the muscle
  24. Smooth muscle tissue
  25. Action potential in smooth muscle
  26. Physiology of Cardiac muscle
  27. Membrane potential in cardiac muscle
  28. Physiological Muscle Pathologies
  29. Characteristics of different types of muscles

Digestive system

All topics
  1. Basic Physiology of Digestion of animals
  2. Mastication in animals
  3. Deglutition (Swallowing) in animals
  4. Digestive parts of gut
  5. Salivary gland and its secretion
  6. Nerve supply of salivary glands
  7. Functions of the saliva
  8. Digestion in ruminants stomach
  9. Motility in rumen and reticulum
  10. Mechanical factors influencing motility of rumen
  11. Foreign objects in rumen
  12. Vomiting (Emesis) in Animals
  13. Rumen fermentation in ruminants
  14. Rumen Microorganisms and functions
  15. Degradation of different carbohydrates
  16. Significance of methane production in ruminants
  17. Protein digestion in ruminants
  18. Fat Digestion in ruminants
  19. Gastric motility in animals
  20. Abomasal motility in ruminants
  21. Intestinal motility in animals
  22. Gastric glands in animals
  23. Gastric juice and enzymes in animals
  24. Control of gastric secretion in animals
  25. Gastric Secretion in ruminants
  26. Digestion in small intestinal juice
  27. Role of Pancreas in digestion
  28. Liver and Bile role in digestion
  29. Physical properties of bile
  30. Functional anatomy of biliary secretion
  31. Bile salts and Enterohepatic circulation
  32. Bile pigments and Jaundice
  33. Cholesterol significance in animals
  34. Functions of gall bladder and bile
  35. Structure of villi in animals
  36. Chemical digestion of nutrients and Carbohydrate digestion
  37. Protein digestion
  38. Lipid digestion in animals
  39. Role of Large Intestine in digestion
  40. Absorption of digested food in animals
  41. Absorption of Carbohydrate, lipid and Protein
  42. Absorption of minerals, vitamins and water
  43. Digestive structures in birds
  44. Enzymatic digestion in birds
  45. Avian Digestion in small and large intestine
  46. Absorption and excretion in birds

Respiratory system

All topics
  1. Respiratory structures
  2. Trachea and Alveoli
  3. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
  4. Gas laws useful in gas exchange
  5. Mechanism of Respiration
  6. Respiratory Frequency in animals
  7. Artificial respiration in animals
  8. Pulmonary passageway and pulmonary vascular resistance
  9. Pulmonary blood flow
  10. Physiology of gas exchange
  11. Ventilation-perfusion relationships (V/Q) in animals
  12. Dead Space Ventilation
  13. Neural Control of respiration
  14. Hering-breuer reflex
  15. Humoral Control of respiration
  16. Transport of Oxygen in respiration
  17. Carbon dioxide transport in respiration
  18. Carbon dioxide equilibration curve and hypoxia
  19. Role of respiratory system in Acid–base balance
  20. Functions of lungs other then respiration
  21. Mucociliary system of lungs
  22. Airsacs and Mechanism of respiration in birds
  23. Regulation of respiration in birds

Endocrine System

All topics
  1. Endocrine System of animals
  2. Functions of Endocrine System
  3. Classification of hormones
  4. Pattern of hormone secretion in animals
  5. Transportation of hormone in blood
  6. Target organ and receptor types
  7. Hormone Receptor properties
  8. Mechanism of action of Hormone
  9. Regulation of Hormone secretion
  10. Hormones of Hypothalamus
  11. Physiology of Pituitary gland
  12. Somatotropin (STH)
  13. Thyrotropic Hormone
  14. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  15. Pro-opiomelanocortin
  16. Prolactin (Lactogenic hormone)
  17. Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)
  18. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and beta Lipotropin (LPH)
  19. Antidiuretic hormone or Vasopressin
  20. Oxytocin
  21. Thyroid gland
  22. Functions of thyroid hormones
  23. Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism
  24. Antithyroid compounds
  25. Calcium homeostasis
  26. Parathyroid hormone
  27. Calcitonin
  28. Vitamin D3
  29. Disorders of calcium metabolism
  30. Regulation of blood glucose concentration
  31. Physiology of Pancreas
  32. Insulin
  33. Diabetes mellitus in animals
  34. Glucagon Hormone
  35. Somatostatin
  36. Pancreatic Polypeptide
  37. Adrenal Gland
  38. Synthesis of adrenal steroids
  39. Glucocorticoids
  40. Mineralocorticoids
  41. Adrenal sex hormones
  42. Physiology of Pineal gland
  43. Physiology of thymus gland
  44. Physiology of Eicosanoids
  45. Atrial natriuretic peptide
  46. Gastro Intestinal hormones

Reproductive System

All topics
  1. Introduction of Reproductive physiology
  2. Sexual Differentiation
  3. Homologies of male and female reproductive systems
  4. Physiology of Female Reproductive System
  5. Types of follicle in ovary
  6. Fallopian tube of animals
  7. Uterus of animals
  8. Physiology of Cervix
  9. Physiology of Vagina of animals
  10. Female External Genitalia of animals
  11. Folliculogenesis
  12. Follicular wave
  13. Functions of the ovarian follicle and fluid
  14. Formation of Haploid ovum
  15. Physiology of Ovulation
  16. Types of ovulators
  17. Corpus Luteum
  18. Estrous cycle
  19. Proestrus
  20. Estrus Phase
  21. Metestrus
  22. Diestrus
  23. Signs of estrus in animals
  24. Anestrus
  25. Length of estrous cycle and time of ovulation
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