Fetotomy or embryotomy is defined as those operations performed on the fetus for the purpose of reducing its size by either its division or the removal of certain parts of the fetus.

Fetal extraction or traction in animals refers to the assisted delivery of a fetus through the birth canal using obstetrical instruments like chains, snares, or extractors, especially during dystocia.

Mutation operation is defined as an operation by which a fetus is returned to a normal presentation, position, and posture by repulsion, rotation, version, and adjustment or extension of extremities.

The principal purpose of obstetrical operation is to deliver a viable fetus and to prevent injury to the dam.

Epidural anaesthesia is a commonly used regional anaesthetic technique in veterinary obstetrics, especially in large animals like cows, buffaloes, and mares.

In order to achieve a safe and humane delivery in some types of dystocia, the induction of local, regional, or general anaesthesia in the dam is essential.

Obstetrical equipment and instruments are essential tools in the management of parturition in animals, aiding in the safe delivery of the fetus and ensuring the well-being of the dam.

The examination of an obstetrical case in animals requires a systematic and careful evaluation to ensure the safety of both the dam and the fetus.

Obstetrical Terminologies (P1, P2 and P3) refer to the specific terms used to describe fetal orientation during parturition in animals.

Postural abnormalities are a common cause of dystocia, particularly in large animals such as cattle, buffaloes, and mares.