Acrosome integrity of sperms refers to the structural and functional soundness of the acrosome, a cap-like organelle that covers the anterior portion of a sperm’s head.

The estimation of live and dead sperm is an important quality control test in all semen banks. The live sperm concentration is directly related with the fertility.

Semen concentration estimation is the process of determining the number of sperm cells per milliliter (million/mL) of semen.

Microscopic examination of semen refers to the detailed evaluation of semen under a microscope to assess sperm quality parameters that are not visible to the naked eye.

Macroscopic examination of semen refers to the visual and physical assessment of a semen sample without using a microscope. It is the first step in semen evaluation and provides quick insights into the general quality and suitability.

Semen evaluation techniques are a series of diagnostic tests and assessments used to determine the quality, viability, and fertility potential of semen.

Electrical stimulation of the ampullae and seminal vesicles is performed using an electro ejaculator for semen collection in bulls.

The artificial vagina (AV) method of semen collection in bulls has replaced older, cumbersome, and unreliable procedures. It is considered the most satisfactory method for collecting semen from bulls.

The massage technique of semen collection is a manual method used to obtain semen from male animals, particularly bulls, by rectal stimulation.

There are four methods of semen collection in bulls: the vaginal method, massage technique, artificial vagina method, and electroejaculation method.