Obstetrical Terminologies (P1, P2 and P3) refer to the specific terms used to describe fetal orientation during parturition in animals.

Postural abnormalities are a common cause of dystocia, particularly in large animals such as cattle, buffaloes, and mares.

Causes of Dystocia include maternal factors like weak uterine contractions, a narrow birth canal, or hormonal imbalances, as well as …

Dystocia is a condition in which the dam has difficulty or is unable to deliver the fetus without artificial assistance.

A clinical approach to obstetrical cases in veterinary practice involves a systematic evaluation and management of reproductive emergencies and complications during parturition.

Uterine involution in animals is influenced by several factors, including species, parity, hormonal balance, and postpartum management.

Postpartum period or puerperium is defined as the period in which the gravid uterus after the expulsion of foetus and foetal membrane returns to its normal non pregnant state.

Following delivery the calf must rapidly adapt an extrauterine existence in order to cope with variety of environmental conditions.

Stages of parturition or labour do not start or end abruptly and there is no clear demarcation of the stages. But gradually passed from one stage to other stage.

The initiation of parturition is a complex physiological process controlled by fetal and maternal hormonal signals.