Corpus collosum Corpus collosum is a thick band consist of million of neuronal axons traversing and helping communication between two hemispheres. They are myelinated fibers.

Central Nervous System or CNS Central Nervous System or CNS comprise the brain and the spinal cord. Brain consists of structures situated intra cranially and includes cerebrum, mid brain, pons, medulla, and cerebellum. Brain is divided into distinct regions, The fore brain(prosencephalon) which is subdivide into telencephalon [two cerebral  hemisphere] and diencephalon or inter brain

Visceral receptors Mucosal receptors or Epithelial receptors Mucosal receptors or Epithelial receptors are located immediately below the mucosal epithelium. These are well distributed in the stomach and small intestine. They are rapidly adapting mechanoceptors, but are slowly adapting to chemical stimuli. Tension receptors  Tension receptors are located within the stomach, small intestine of cats, sheep’s rumen

Golgi tendon organ Golgi tendon organ is located within the tendons of the skeletal muscles. It is present at the junction of muscle fiber and its collagenous tendon. As they are closely associated with the tendon, the stretch of the tendon causes depolarization of the receptor organ. Action potential is generated within the sensory fibers

Mechanism of action of Gamma motor neurons Excitation of these Gamma motor neurons ends up in contraction of intrafusal muscles. This in turn stretches the nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers. Sensory receptor of the muscle spindle in limited to these areas and can detect the tension upon these receptors. Stretch initiates depolarization in

Muscle spindle organ Muscle spindle organ are located within the belly of the skeletal muscles. They are in the shape of a spindle and are made up of specialized striated muscle fibres which are known as Intrafusal fibers. These intrafusal fibers are placed within the connective tissue capsule attached to the perimysium of the skeletal

Proprioceptors Proprioceptors are located in the skeletal muscle, tendons, and joints known as kinesthetic receptors. These inform the CNS about the movement and position of the limbs to maintain posture and equilibrium.  The joint sense includes sense of movement and sense of positions. The sense of movement is the ability to feel the movement with closed

Nociceptors Nociceptors detect pain sensation by naked nerve endings. This sensation does not have any special structure to mediate. These nociceptors are available in the superficial layers of dermis, which are represented by non-medullated fibers. They act as protective response to an injurious stimulus. Vibratory sense Vibratory sense is mediated by tactile and pressure receptors

Thermoceptors The hypothalamus of the animals has central thermoceptors to monitor their internal temperature. Two different receptors to mediate warmth and cold- Warmth receptors The warmth receptors are situated near deep blood vessels. They are Ruffini end organ which can also serve to detect tactile sensation (Poly modal receptor). Ruffini’s corpuscles are located in the connective tissue