Physiology of Brain stem Brain stem is the group of CNS structures continuous with the spinal cord. It forms a vital link between the spinal cord and higher centres of the brain. It comprises of medulla oblongata and pons that controls many of the life sustaining process and baseline activities of skeletal muscles. These comprise […]
Physiology of Midbrain Midbrain is a relay centre. Extends from pons to thalamus concerned mainly with auditory and visual relay system. It has dorsal portion namely the corpora quadrigemina which consists of two pairs of colliculi and ventral portion namely the cerebral peduncle. Roof of the midbrain is known as Tectum which has pair of
Cerebellum Cerebellum is encased in cerebellar hemisphere and is located the back of the brain. Responsible for motor coordination by integrating sensory inputs from receptors located from muscles eyes and ears with motor orders of the fore brain. It maintains equilibrium and posture. Present in the anterior part of the brainstem, dorsal to the pons
Interbrain (Diencephalon) Structures including epithalamus, subthalamus (ventral area), thalamus (dorsal area), hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal gland constitute the Interbrain (Diencephalon). The epithalamus functions as olfactory centre. Subthalamus regulates motor activity through reticular nucleus.
Pineal gland physiology Pineal gland is the main translator of photoperiodic effect in animals. The pineal gland produces a hormone, melatonin in response to darkness. Light passes from the retina to supra chiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, superior cervical ganglia and to pineal gland. The melatonin inhibits gonadal activity. Cat and horse are positively affected with
Thalamus and Functions of it Thalamus Thalamus is a sensory relay station and is important in motor control and play a major role in control of cerebral excitability. Located deep within the brain near the basal nuclei forms the part of diencephalon. Represented by large grey mass related medially to the third ventricle and at
Amygdala Amygdala morphologically forms the part of the basal ganglia and has bi-directional connections with hypothalamus. Amygdala receives input signals from all the portions of the limbic cortex, the orbital surface of the frontal lobe, cingulate gyrus, hippocampal gyrus, neocortex of the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes especially from the auditory olfactory and visual associated
Functions of limbic system Limbic System Limbic system consists of cortical and subcortical areas which are structurally and functionally related to forebrain. It forms a ring of forebrain structures that surround the brainstem and are interconnected by intricate neural pathways. The components of the limbic system are hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate gyrus. It is concerned
Corpus striatum and Globus pallidus Corpus striatum Corpus striatum consists of CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN and initiate gross intentional movements of the body. It regulates the position of the body.It derives the name due to its straited appearance. Globus pallidus Most of the outflow of signals from the basal ganglia is channelled through globus pallidus en
Basal ganglia Basal ganglia is situated deep within the cerebral hemisphere as sub cortical gray matter with large masses of nerve cells. This acts as a part of the motor cortex in birds in which the motor cortex is poorly developed. It has corpus striatum (striated body), globus pallidus (pallidum) and the amygdala. It receives fibres
