Neurohumoral transmission Neurohumoral transmission implies that nerves transmit message across a synapse and neuroeffector junction by the release of humoral or chemical messengers. The main events involved in neurohumoral transmission can be subdivided into- Axonal conduction Synthesis and release of neurotransmitter Receptor events Catabolism of neurotransmitter 1. Axonal conduction Axonal conduction refers to passage of impulse along […]
Anti ulcer drugs are used for prevent and treat ulcer formation in the gastro intestinal tract.
Sialics and Anti-sialic drugs Sialogogues (sialics) Sialogogues are agents that increase the volume of saliva, thereby increasing the appetite and the digestibility of food. Such remedies are used in large animal practice as ‘tonics’. Increased salivation is obtained by administering substances that stimulate taste buds like the vegetable bitters. Substances with this type of activity
Predominant Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Tone in various structures Site Predominant Tone Arterioles Sympathetic (Adrenergic) Veins Sympathetic (Adrenergic) Heart: atrium SA node Ventricle Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) Sympathetic (Adrenergic) Iris Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) Ciliary Muscle Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) G.I. Tract Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) Urinary Bladder Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) Salivary Gland Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) Sweat Glands Sympathetic (Adrenergic) In organs receiving both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations
Distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic neurons Read More »
Autonomic nerve system The autonomic nervous system is also known as the visceral, vegetative or involuntary nervous system widely distributed throughout the body controlling the so called autonomic or vegetative functions. The ANS regulates activity of structures like the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and secretory glands other than endocrine glands. The ANS is responsible for maintaining respiration,
Basics of Autonomic nerve system in pharmacology Read More »
Fluid therapy in animals refers to administration of fluids to compensate the loss of fluids from the body due to a variety of conditions leading to dehydration. Fluid loss in the body can lead to shock and can become fatal if unattended to.
Ecbolic drugs Ecbolic drugs are agents that bring about increase in uterine contractions. Oxytocin: It is hormone of the posterior pituitary received from the hypothalamus. It has a major physiological role in milk let down and labor initiation. Clinical uses of oxytocin: For labor induction. Given by slow I/v in dextrose solution. For mIlk letdown
Urine Alkalizers Urine Alkalizers are used to increase pH of urine. these used as a test for renal tubular acidosis. Acidification helps in the excretion of certain drugs like amphetamine, phencyclidine, quinine etc. Ammonium chloride, ascorbic acid or calcium chloride can be used to acidify urine. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is metabolized in the liver to
Urine acidifiers Urinary acidifiers used to decrease pH of urine (Acidifiers make urine acidic). Alteration of urine pH Alteration is sometimes desirable as in the case of poisoning and in the excretion of some drugs to prevent side effects. Alkalization of urine Alkalinising agents reduce the irritation of an inflamed urinary tract and discourage the growth
Diuretics Diuretic drugs are agents that increase the salt and water excretion by an action on the kidneys. Diuretics effective for the treatment of edema have been available since the 16th century and mercurous chloride was known by Paracelsus to be diuretic. In 1930, Swartz discovered that the antimicrobial sulfanilamide could be used to treat edema
