Peroneal nerve paralysis is observed in cattle confined in stanchions with their hindquarters positioned over the edge of a gutter.

Obturator nerve paralysis is a common postpartum condition in large animals, especially cows and buffaloes, resulting from pressure or injury to the obturator nerve during difficult calving.

Gluteal nerve paralysis is a condition in animals resulting from injury or compression of the gluteal nerves during parturition, prolonged recumbency, or improper handling.

Hematomas and contusions of the birth canal are common complications that may occur during difficult or assisted parturition.

Lacerations of the birth canal are tears or injuries that occur in the vulva, vagina, cervix, or perineum during parturition.

Postpartum haemorrhage into the uterus or birth canal may occur due to trauma, lacerations, or rupture of the genital tract following parturition.

Injuries and diseases related to parturition refer to the physical trauma and pathological conditions that occur during or after the birthing process in animals.

Pelvic symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure used to enlarge the pelvic inlet by splitting the ischiopubic symphysis.

Cervicotomy is a surgical procedure involving an incision into the cervix, typically performed to facilitate the delivery of a fetus during obstetric complications when the cervix fails to dilate naturally.

Episiotomy is a preventive measure employed to avoid uncontrollable tearing of the vulva and perineum during parturition.