The bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) in male animals are paired glands located on either side of the pelvic urethra near the ischiatic arch.

The prostate gland exhibits various forms in domestic male farm animals. It is located on the floor of the pelvis, around the neck of the urinary bladder, the cranial portion of the pelvic urethra, or caudal to the neck of the bladder.

The seminal vesicles are paired accessory sex glands located on the floor of the pelvis, positioned dorsally and laterally to the ampulla or the neck of the urinary bladder.

Accessory sex glands of male animals are a group of glands associated with the male reproductive system that contribute non-sperm components to the semen.

The inguinal canal allows passage of the vas deferens, which carries sperm to the ampulla, where it is stored and mixed with seminal fluid.

The epididymis is composed of a single, tortuous, coiled tubule starting from the proximal portion of the testis and is responsible for nutrition, maturation, transport, and storage of spermatozoa.

Testis of different species vary in shape, length, diameter, weight, and anatomical plane, reflecting species-specific reproductive physiology.

Testicular descent is the process in which the testes move from their original position in the abdominal cavity, pass through the inguinal canal, and reach the scrotum, occurring during fetal development or shortly after birth, depending on the species.

The blood testis barrier (BTB) in animals is formed by tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to create a specialized environment that protects developing germ cells from the immune system.

Thermoregulation of testis is the process by which the testis maintains a temperature lower than body temperature using structures like the scrotum, muscles, and blood vessels to support sperm production.