The muscles on either side are arranged in five superimposed layers. First layer Trapezius thoracis Latissimus dorsi Second Layer Rhomboideus thoracis Third Layer Serratus dorsalis anterior Serratus dorsalis posterior Fourth Layer Longissimus costarum Longissimus dorsi Fifth Layer Levatores costarum Multifidus dorsi Intertransversales lumborum

Linea alba (white line) The rectus abdominis muscle is entirely fleshy and is situated along the floor of the abdomen. The other muscles have a muscular part laterally and an aponeurotic part ventrally. The aponeurotic parts of the abdominal muscles of the opposite side meet and form a median fibrous raphe (white fibrous cord), extending

Removal of the skin from the ventral and lateral aspects of the thorax and abdomen exposes the cutaneous muscle of the trunk. Tunica abdominalis This is a yellow elastic sheet – the abdominal tunic underneath the cutaneous muscle. It is very thick and closely adherent to the aponeurotic part of the external oblique muscle but

These are deeply situated in the sublumbar region at the ventral face of the lumbar vertebra and the anterior face of the ilium. These muscles occupy not only the sublumbar region but also extend both forwards and backwards beyond this region, and enter into the formation of the roof of the abdominal cavity. They are

The tensor fasciae latae is thin and long. A superficial gluteus overlies gluteus medius posteriorly. The gluteus medius do not go forwards beyond the ilium hence no lumbar part. It is inserted into the trochanter major. The gluteus profundus is intimately attached to the middle gluteus and is the smaller of the two lying adherent to the ilium. The biceps femoris has origin from tuber

The tensor fasciae latae is less extensive. A superficial gluteus is more distinct and ‘V’ shaped. It arises from the lateral angle of the ilium and gluteal fascia and inserted to the third trochanter. The gluteus medius extends far forwards over the longissimus dorsi muscle and is inserted to the trochanter major. It assists in back kick . The gluteus profundus is smaller and is inserted

SUPERFICIAL LAYER Gastrocnemius This is placed behind the femoro-tibial articulation and extends from the distal third of the femur to the proximal extremity of the tuber calcis. This large muscle has two heads of origin. Origin: Medial head-the medial supracondyloid crest and the lateral head– outer lip of the supracondyloid fossa. Each head is succeeded by tendon, which

Complex muscle This is a single muscle situated on the dorso-lateral aspect of the leg. Origin: By a strong tendon from the extensor fossa of the femur. This shows about its middle three muscular bellies, each of which is succeeded by a tendon. The peroneus tertius is the most superficial part and well developed. It is located

Fascia The fascia of the leg consists of several super-imposed layers. The superficial fascia is continuous with that of the thigh. The tendons of the tensor fascia latae, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gracilis and sartorius formthe next layer. These two layers frequently use together and are attached to the patellar ligaments, tibial crest and medial face

The following are the muscles present on the anterior aspect of the thigh. Sartorius (Already described in medial group of muscles of thigh) Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Articularis genu Quadriceps femoris This is a massive muscle composed of four divisions situated around the anterior, lateral and medial faces of the femur. Of these