The muscles, which move the external ear are divided into extrinsic and intrinsic groups. The muscles of the former arise from extraneous parts as cranial bones, ligamentum nuchae or parotid gland and are inserted into the cartilages of the ear. The muscles of the latter are confined to the cartilage of the ear. They are Extrinsic muscles Parotido-auricularis Cervico-auricularis

Muscles of the Palpebral region or eyelid are- Orbicularis oculi Corrugator supercilli Malaris Levator buccalis Depressor palpebrae inferioris Levator palpebrae superioris Orbicularis oculi It is a well-developed, flat, elliptical sphincter muscle around the eyelids. The muscle fibres are chiefly attached to the skin and the palpebral ligament at the medial canthus. Action: To close the eyelids.

The muscles of the facial region are described as follows- Superficial muscle / cutaneous muscle This is well developed and extensive. It covers whole of the frontal region-frontalis muscle. The part of the muscle extending over the lower jaw and the masseter and buccinator and blending with the orbicularis oris and in the angle of the

The muscles of the head are placed around the mouth, nostrils, eyelids, external ear, mandible and hyoid bones. The region of the head may therefore be divided into a number of secondary regions for the study of these muscles as Facial region Superficial muscle-cutaneous muscle Muscles of the lips and cheeks Muscles of the nostrils

Muscles of the Tail are situated around the tail enclosed in the strong coccygeal fascia. These muscles gradually diminish in their thickness as they are traced backwards. The movements of the tail are effected by five pairs of coccygeal muscles, three of which are longitudinally disposed around the coccygeal vertebrae and thus cover them completely.

Levatores costarum They are ten or eleven pairs of small, flat, triangular musculo-tendinous fasciculi, which occupy the extreme upper ends of the intercostal spaces. They are blended with the external intercostals at their insertion. Origin: Transverse process of thoracic vertebrae. Insertion: Anterior borders of the succeeding rib. Action: To aid in inspiration. Blood supply: Intercostal arteries. Nerve supply: Intercostal nerves.

Longissimus costarum This muscle is a long, narrow and thin muscle located along the lateral border of the longissimus dorsi and across the ribs. It has distinct lumbarand costal parts. Origin: Lumbar part from the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and the lateral angle of the ilium and the costal part from the anterior borders and lateral surfaces of

Serratus dorsalis anterior This muscle is thin, quadrilateral, flat muscle situated under the rhomboideus thoracis , serratus thoracis and latissimus dorsi. It consists of aponeurotic and fleshy portions. Origin: Lumbo-dorsal fascia . Insertion: By three fleshy digitations to the anterior borders and lateral surface of the ribs from the fifth to the seventh. Action: Inspiratory muscle. Blood supply: 5th -7th intercostal

Rhomboideus thoracis This muscle extends from ninth to tenth dorsal vertebra to about the level of the middle of the funicular part of the ligamentum nuchae. It is under the cover of trapezius and consists of cervical (rhomboideus cervicis) and dorsal (rhomboideus thoracis) parts Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, and the spines of dorsal vertebrae from the first to

Trapezius thoracis  It is a broad triangular muscle extending along the dorsal midline from the level of atlas to the end of the thoracic region, and covers a part of the shoulder. It consists of cervical (trapezius cervicis) and dorsal(trapezus thoracis) parts. Origin: Ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligament from the level of the atlas to the twelfth dorsal vertebra. Insertion: The tuberous