In the Ox and pig, numerous renal pyramids are present with the formation of minor and major calyces. In the horse, sheep and dog the apices of the pyramids do not appear separate and the inner part of medulla forms the renal crest (results of fusion of papillae in the embryo), which shows numerous openings […]
The kidneys perform their functions by- Filtration of blood plasma in the glomeruli, Selective reabsorption by the tubules of substances which the body needed to retain, Active excretion by the tubules of certain substances to be added to the urine and Exchange of Hydrogen ions and formation of ammonia as a part of the process of acid base regulation. ‘Excretion of
The branches of renal artery at the hilus extend radialy between the pyramids as the inter lobar arteries. At the cortico-medullary junction they bend sharply and form short arches, the arcuate or arciform arteries. The arcuate arteries give a number of interlobular arteries, which ascend vertically through the cortical labyrinth towards the surface. From these interlobular
Renal corpuscle The glomerulus consists of a number of separate capillaries connecting an afferent arteriole with an efferent arteriole. These vessels are usually closer together where they enter and leave the glomerulus and this end is known as the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. The endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are extremely thin and the
The kidneys are compound tubular concerned with excretion of urine. It consists of excretory or uriniferous tubules, which produce urine, conducting tubules, which convey urine form the kidney to the renal pelvis, and blood vessels. The kidneys are embedded in fat and each kidney is covered by a capsule of dense collagenous fibres and a
The urinary system consists of the glandular organs, the kidneys and the excretory passages, the ureter, the urinary bladder and the urethra. Kidneys Histology of nephron Blood supply to kidney Excretion of Urine Species difference in Kidney Renal Pelvis and calyces Ureter Blood vessels Urethra will be discussed in ‘Histology of Reproductive System’.
Pancreas is a dual gland, which consists of an exocrine portion that secretes certain digestive juices and endocrine portion that secretes hormones. Both these functions of pancreas are carried out by distinctly different groups of cells. It is compound tubuloalveolar gland. The pancreas is covered by a thin layer of loose connective tissue (which does not form a distinct
Gall bladder is a diverticulum of the hepatic duct developmentally to store bile It is absent in horse, elephant, rat and pigeon. Duct of gall bladder is called cystic duct, which unites with hepatic duct and forms the bile duct. Structure Similar to large bile ducts. The wall consists of the following layers. Mucosa consisting of a
The liver is the largest gland in the body and is an important metabolic organ of many functions. It has also an exocrine function, the secretion of bile, which is conveyed to the intestine by a system of ducts. The organ is invested with a connective tissue sheath called the Glisson’s capsule most of which is covered
Lymph capillaries begin as blind tubules in the lamina propria in the stomach and as the lacteal in the small intestine, which occupies the center of the long axis of each villus. These small lymph capillaries form a plexus in deeper part of the lamina propria, from which large vessels arises. Pass through the muscularis
