Autoregulation of GFR & RBF in animals RBF and GFR remains almost relatively constant when the systemic arterial pressure changes from 75 mm Hg to 160 mm Hg. This ability of the RBF and GFR to resist severe changes in the arterial pressure is called as ‘autoregulation of RBF and GFR’. It is an intrinsic […]
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and RBF in animals Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the quantity of GF formed each minute in all the nephrons of both the kidneys/kg body weight. In humans it is about 125 ml/min. Total quantity of GFR formed /day = 180 L. Over 99% of the filtrate
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus or JG apparatus When the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle returns to its glomerulus of origin in the cortex, it passes in the angle between afferent and efferent arterioles and continues as the distal tubule. The side of the tubule that faces the glomerulus comes in contact with
Blood supply and innervations of kidney in animals Blood supply to kidney Blood flow to the kidneys is normally 22% of the cardiac output. The renal artery enters the kidney and branches to form the interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles which lead to the glomerular capillaries, where large amount of fluid and
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Nephron and types of nephron of animals Nephron Components The glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) is the dilated blind end of the nephron and consists of the invaginated capillary tuft called as the glomerulus. In the mammals the blood from the renal artery is delivered to the afferent arteriole which divides into numerous glomerular capillaries. The
Kidney functions of animals Functions of kidney The important function of the kidneys is to rid the body of waste materials that are either ingested or produced by metabolism. To control the volume and composition of the body fluids. A balance between the intake and output is maintained in large part by the kidneys. This
Fetal circulation and changes in circulation after birth Fetal circulation The fetal lungs are nonfunctional before birth and therefore the heart pumps large quantities of blood through the placenta. Special anatomical arrangements operate in the fetal circulatory system which is different from the adult. Blood returns from the placenta through the umbilical vein passes through
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Hepatic circulations in animals The hepatic blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein is governed by hepatic arterial vascular resistance, the arterial tone in the vascular beds of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and the spleen and the intrahepatic portal venous vascular resistance. The total hepatic blood flow in humans, cats and dogs contributes
Blood flow to rumen and spleen in animals Rumen blood flow Feeding and the products of rumen digestion, carbon dioxide and volatile fatty acids, increases rumen blood flow. Splenic Circulation In certain mammals (dog, cat, horse, guinea pig) the spleen serves as a reservoir of blood. Normally blood is stored in the venous sinuses and
Splanchnic circulation in animals The splanchnic circulation consists of three parts: The mesenteric bed, supplying the gastrointestinal tract; The splenic bed and The hepatic bed. A unique feature of this circulatory system is that the combined outflow from the mesenteric and splenic constitutes the major portion of the inflow of the hepatic through the portal
