The anterior vena cava is formed by the union of the external jugular vein and brachial vein on either side. this is a large venous trunk receiving venous blood from the head, neck, fore limbs and a large part of the thoracic wall. It is about 10 to 14 cm long and it passes in […]

These venous sinuses or Sinuses of the Duramater are the spaces between the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater and are lined by endothelium. These receive the cerebral, meningeal and diploic veins and communicate with veins outside the cranium by means of emissary veins. The dorsal longitudinal (sagittal) sinus is situated in the convex border

The venous blood is drained from the brain by small cerebral veins, which are devoid of muscular coat and valves. Venous drainage of Cranium do not accompany the cerebral arteries. this drainage system lie in the piamater and subarachnoid space. the ascending cerebral veins drain the convex and medial faces of the hemisphere and open

The veins are the centripetal vessels of the circulatory system. these make venous system. The veins may be divided into superficial and deep. The superficial veins of the body form an extensive network, lie immediately under the skin and are mostly unassociated with the arteries. The deep veins are placed deeply and are accompanied by

The coeliac artery is very short and usually divides into a) left gastric, b) hepatic and c) splenic arteries. The lumbar arteries are seven pairs. Out of which first six pairs arise from aorta and the last pair from internal iliac arteries. The intercostal arteries are 12 pairs in number. First three pairs usually originate

Circle of Willis or circulus arteriosus is formed at the interpenduncular space of the base of the brain by the union of the anterior cerebral arteries in front, posterior cerebral arteries behind and is completed laterally by the junction of the later with the posterior communicating arteries and by the internal carotid artery. It is

Coccygeal artery gives off in its course, spinal branches to the coccygeal muscles and two lateral coccygeal arteries. These divide into dorsal and ventral branches and are connected with the middle coccygeal artery at regular intervals. They supply branches to the coccygeal muscles. The middle coccygeal artery runs through the haemal arches of the coccygeal

The middle sacral artery is the continuation of abdominal aorta after the terminal branches of internal iliac artery and runs under the sacral vertebrae and further continues as the median coccygeal artery. If middle sacral artery is absent it is replaced by the lateral sacral artery which is branch of short common trunk of internal

Internal iliac artery or Hypogastric arteries is the main arterial trunk, which supplies the pelvic wall and viscera. Each artery passes obliquely downwards and backwards on the sacrosciatic ligament and terminates about the level of the lesser sciatic foramen by dividing into posterior gluteal and internal pudic arteries. Collateral branches Internal iliac artery A large