The sense of smell is carried through the olfactory nerve, which is distributed on the nasal mucous membrane and covers the upper-fourth of the turbinate bones, septum nasi, nasal meatuses and ethmoidal cells called olfactory area. This part of the mucous membrane is pale-yellow in colour and is lined by epithelial cells. The epithelium is […]

The walls of the membranous labyrinth are made up of outer thin tunica propria and an inner lining epithelium. The tunica propria is composed of delicate fibrous tissue and stellate fibroblasts. The epithelium of the membranous labyrinth is a single layer of flat squamous cells resting on a basement membrane. In certain regions, the wall

Membranous Labyrinth of ear consists of a series of interconnected sacs and ducts lying within the osseous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth has nearly the same general form as the osseous part but does not fill it completely, being considerably smaller in diameter. It is separated from the wall of bony labyrinth and is surrounded by

The osseous labyrinth is excavated in the petrous part of the petrous temporal bone, medial to the tympanic cavity. It consists of three parts -a middle vestibule, an anterior cochlea and posterior semicircular canals. The vestibule with the cochlea in front and semicircular canals behind. It is 5 to 6 mm. long. Its lateral wall separates it from the tympanic cavity and in it are

Internal Ear is the essential part of the organ of hearing and receives peripheral ramifications of the auditory nerve. It is also called as labyrinth due to its complexity of its shape. It consists of two parts, a complex membranous sac containing neuroepithelium filled with a fluid endolymph, the membranous labyrinth a series of cavities

The middle ear comprises the tympanic cavity or tympanum with its contents and the eustachian tubes. The tympanum is the cavity excavated in the bulla tympanica of the petrous temporal bone. It is situated between the tympanic membrane and internal ear. It is a laterally com- pressed air cavity lined by mucous membrane and communicates

The external ear consis of two parts, the auricula or pinna – a funnel shaped organ with its muscles, which collects the sound waves and the external acoustic meatus, which conveys these waves to the drum of the ear which separates the external ear from the middle ear. The auricula or pinna is the visible

Ear is the organ of hearing, it divided in three parts- External ear, middle ear and internal ear. Ear have these parts to read further- External Ear Middle Ear Internal Ear Osseous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Microscopic Structure of Membranous labyrinth

The Refractive media of eye include the cornea, the aqueous humor in the anterior and in posterior chambers, the lens and the vitreous humor. The cornea is described earlier in the fibrous tunic. The aqueous humor is a clear fluid of an alkaline reaction, consisting chiefly of water with a trace of albumin and chloride or sodium. It fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the

The Retina of eye or Nervous tunic forms the innermost tunic of the eyeball and extends from the entrance of the optic nerve to the iris. It consists of three parts; a posterior part the essential region containing the special neuroepithelium, the pars optica retinae. This terminates around the ciliary body where it ends in a regular