Correct exposure factor, correct positioning should be adopted. Avoid repetition of the process. Unnecessary exposure should be avoided to reduce the x-ray exposure.

The cellular injury causes pathological and physiological changes leading to “radiation sickness” and other manifestation of radiation damage to the body.

Structures or organs can be evaluated more effectively for their size, shape and position by use of contrast radiography in animals.

Renal angiography is a contrast radiography of Renal vascular architecture and assessment of cortex to medulla ratio.

Contrast medium is a substance which is either radio opaque or radiolucent, that can be administered to the animal to increase radiographic contrast within an organ or a system.

Irregular poorly defined areas of increased density noticed in lungs could be seen in x-ray radiograph and can be diagnosed as aspiration pneumonia or Pulmonary infiltration.

In order to interpret a radiograph for pathological lesion, it is essential that radiographic appearance of normal structures are known. The radiograph should be interpreted without any preconceived idea. Radiography is an aid to diagnosis and not the ultimate diagnosis itself.

Heel effect refers to the lower field intensity towards the anode in comparison to the cathode. it is due to variation of the intensity of X-rays emitted by the anode.