Veterinary Obstetrics

The placenta serves as a vital endocrine organ during pregnancy, producing several hormones essential for fetal development and maternal physiological adaptation.

Sources of progesterone during gestation vary significantly among animal species, but most of time it is corpus luteum and placenta only.

Placenta of Horse (Mare) is special. It have adventitious placenta, amniotic plaques, hippomanes, and the cervical star, these are …

Classification of placenta based on degree of contact between chorionic villi and endometrium are deciduate, indeciduate, adventitious, amniotic plaques, hippomanes and cervical star etc.

Amniotic plaques, hippomanes, and the cervical star are all normal, incidental findings that can be observed during the pregnancy of a mare.

Classification of placenta based on separation between fetal and maternal blood supply is epitheliochorial, endothelial chorial and hemochorial.

Anatomical classification of placenta is based on chorionic villi distribution in the placenta. It may be diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary, or discoidal placenta.

Placentation is an apposition of fetal membranes to the endometrium to permit physiological exchange between the fetus and the mother.

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy (MRP) refers to the physiological process through which the presence of an early embryo is signaled to …