Veterinary Obstetrics

Physical and miscellaneous causes of abortion in livestock encompass a broad range of external and internal factors that adversely impact gestation.

Hormonal and nutritional causes of abortion in livestock are critical factors affecting reproductive efficiency and fetal development.

Chemical and plant causes of abortion in livestock are significant yet often overlooked factors contributing to reproductive losses.

Sample collection for abortion cases is important because appropriate specimens for diagnostic laboratory assistance in proper diagnosis.

Abortion in cow is the expulsion of dead or live recognizable size fetus at any stage of gestation (45-60 days onwards to parturition).

The placenta serves as a vital endocrine organ during pregnancy, producing several hormones essential for fetal development and maternal physiological adaptation.

Sources of progesterone during gestation vary significantly among animal species, but most of time it is corpus luteum and placenta only.

Placenta of Horse (Mare) is special. It have adventitious placenta, amniotic plaques, hippomanes, and the cervical star, these are …

Classification of placenta based on degree of contact between chorionic villi and endometrium are deciduate, indeciduate, adventitious, amniotic plaques, hippomanes and cervical star etc.

Amniotic plaques, hippomanes, and the cervical star are all normal, incidental findings that can be observed during the pregnancy of a mare.