The management and treatment of vaginal prolapse include vulval tape retention suture, Bühner’s method, Caslick’s operation (vulvoplasty), Minchev’s technique, Winkler’s method, Farquharson’s method, and the Guard and Frank technique.
Cervico vaginal prolapse is seen in all species of domestic animals but most commonly in cow and ewe. It is eversion of vagina and cervix.
Torsion of the uterus is defined as the twisting or revolution of the gravid uterus on its long axis and is common in cows and buffaloes.
Freemartin is an infertile female with a modified genital tract born cotwin, with a bull with which it has exchanged whole blood.
Pseudohermaphrodites are individuals whose gonads correspond to their genetic sex, but their external genitalia is of opposite sex.
Intersexes Intersexes are individuals in which the diagnosis of the sex is confused because of congenital anatomical variations. Occurrence Conditions in Intersexes Classification Intersexes may be separated into males or females based on: Hermaphrodites are usually classified on the basis of gonadal sex as: 1. True Hermaphrodites True hermaphrodites are rarely seen. Most frequent in
Embryonic duplications are malformations due to abnormal duplication of the germinal area in animals which giving rise to fetuses whose body structures are partially but not completely duplicated.
Anomalies of the trunk in animals include schistosomus reflexus, campylorrachis scoliosa, perosomus elumbis and horridus, cyclopia, and hydrocephalus.
Skeletal anomalies in animals include achondroplasia (bulldog calves), spina bifida or rachischisis, anury, and hemivertebrae.
Head and central nervous system anomalies include microcephalus, cyclopia, hydrocephalus, meningocele, facial fissures, lack of cranial etc.
