Cholesterol significance in animals Cholesterol belong to the group of steroid present in animal fat. About 10% of the bile is the cholesterol, secreted by hepatic cells. There are two principle sources of  cholesterol in the bile- Synthesized by the hepatic cells By absorption from the intestine through portal circulation to the liver  Gall stones and their formation […]

Bile pigments and Jaundice Bile pigments The bile pigments are the waste products of the hemoglobin (Hb) breakdown give yellow/green colour to bile. Bilirubin, the brownish yellow pigment is readily oxidized into biliverdin which gives green colour to the bile of the herbivores. Bilirubin is produced from Hb with destruction of RBC in the reticuloendothelial system (RES)

Bile salts and Enterohepatic circulation Bile Salts Bile salts are Na or K salts of glycocholic and tauro cholic acids formed in the liver and found in the bile. In carnivores, man, sheep, goat and birds, tauro cholic acid predominate.  In pig and rabbit , it is the glyco cholic acid predominates.  Glycocholic acid is a

Functional anatomy of biliary secretion The basic functional unit of the liver is the liver lobule, which is constructed around a central vein. The lobule is composed of many hepatic cellular plates that radiate away from the central vein. Between the cells in the hepatic plates is the bile canaliculi that collect the bile secreted by

Physical properties of bile Bile from hepatic duct is a viscid, greenish or greenish yellow with golden tinge liquid with a bitter taste. the compositions varies upon whether the bile is obtained from gall bladder or from the ducts of the liver.  The constituents of the bile are Bile pigments Bile acids or salts of

Liver and Bile role in digestion Liver is the largest gland in the body and has number of important functions- Secretion of bile Formation and storage of glycogen  Regulation of glucose level in the systemic circulation. Deamination of NH3 and formation of urea. Destruction of uric acid Synthesis of fatty acids from carbohydrates and proteins. Phosphorylation of fats,

Role of Pancreas in digestion Pancreas  has both endocrine and exocrine portions. The endocrine portion of the pancreas is made up of islets of Langerhans, secrets hormones like glucagon (alpha cells), insulin (beta cells) and somatostatin (delta cells) into the blood. The  major portion of pancreas is exocrine in function. Secretions of Pancreas The enzymes of the

Digestion in small intestinal juice Small intestine is the predominant site of digestion and absorption. This begins at the end of pyloric sphincter and goes up to large intestine. This is highly coiled structure, has few glands to assist digestion. It is composed of 4 layers-serosal (outer), muscular, submucosa and innermost mucosal layer. Mucosa is

Gastric Secretion in ruminants Abomasum is the only part of the ruminal stomach secreting digestive juices. Fundic abomasum is rich in HCl, pepsin and in young ruminant rennin- a milk coagulating enzyme is found. pH of abomasal juice is approx 1.0 to 1.3. Buffered ingesta with volatile fatty acids entering abomasum increases abomasal secretion. Regulation

Control of gastric secretion in animals In horse, the secretion of gastric juice is continuous but it is intermittent in dogs and cats. the rate of secretion increases during feed intake. The secretions of gastric glands are regulated by nervous and chemical mechanisms. The gastric secretion takes place in three phases, these are Cephalic phase,