In Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) in Small Animals (dog, cats etc.), the exocrine functioning of the pancreas is affected, which is clinically manifested by passing voluminous, glistening faeces, persistent weight loss in spite of good appetite, PICA, coprophagia (eating own faeces), etc.

Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas. pancreas, which is the chief exocrine gland responsible for the secretion of pancreatic juice that helps in the digestion of food.

anti-ulcerative therapy should be continued for a minimum of 6–8 weeks with a periodical review of the case for proper treatment of gastro intenstinal ulcers.

It should be noted that the cause and etiology of gastritis in pets are various and can’t be listed here. A simple change in food may even cause gastritis, and a lot of systemic diseases also cause gastritis.

Abomasal Ulcers is the Inflammation of the abomasal mucosa which is clinically manifested by progressive anorexia, loss of production, and if damage to the mucosa is severe, it results in ulcers that are clinically manifested by progressive anaemia and black tarry-coloured pasty faeces.

Abomasal Displacement may be on the left side, which is called left displacement of abomasum (LDA), or on the right side, which is called right displacement of abomasum (RDA).

Vagus Indigestion or Hoflund Syndrome is a chronic disease of fore stomach and abomasum that is clinically characterised by prolonged anorexia, scanty feces, and a papple-shaped abdomen due to gradual distension and weight loss.

Diaphragmatic Hernia (DH) is the herniation of the GI parts through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. The majority of the time, it is a consequence of TRP in ruminants. It is clinically characterised by recurrent tympani, which is of the frothy type, prolonged anorexia, and displacement of the heart sound anteriorly.

Traumatic Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium or pericardial sac by a sharp foreign body, and the majority of the time it originates from the reticulum, subsequently leads to the development of toxaemia and signs of congestive heart failure (CHF).

If Traumatic Reticulo Peritonitis (TRP)’s foreign body pierces the pericardial sac, it causes Traumatic Pericarditis.