Vitamin A is essential for the regeneration of the visual purple, necessary for dim light, for normal bone growth and for normal epithelialization.

Lack of UV irradiation of skin (lack of light / complete intensive rearing animal) cause vitamin D deficiency.

Vitamin E is combined with Selenium to maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, because Selenium has the sparing effect on Vitamin E.

Manganese (Mn) is required for cartilage and bone development, fertility, as an antioxidant, and in metabolism.

Zinc Deficiency is also known as Parakeratosis. It mostly occurs in Ruminants and pigs. It required for Keratinization, Immunity, Gene expression, etc.

Iron is necessary for animals in the formation of hemoglobin, myoglobin and iron containing enzyme (transferin).

Iodine deficiency is seen in new born animals (lamb, kid, calf and piglet) of all species. Iodine is essential as a constituent of the thyroid hormones, in particular T3 and T4, and 80% of the iodine in the body is found in the thyroid gland.

Cobalt (Co) deficiency is also known as ovine white liver disease in sheep, hepatic lipidosis in goat and in enzootic marasmus in cattle.

Copper Deficiency (Hypocuprosis) is called Falling disease or Peat scours in cattle, Yellow calf or Unthriftiness (pine) in calves and Swayback or Enzootic ataxia in sheep.

Canine Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is caused by excess circulating cortisol or other steroid hormones. It is also known as Cushing’s syndrome.