Postpartum haemorrhage into the uterus or birth canal may occur due to trauma, lacerations, or rupture of the genital tract following parturition.

Injuries and diseases related to parturition refer to the physical trauma and pathological conditions that occur during or after the birthing process in animals.

Pelvic symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure used to enlarge the pelvic inlet by splitting the ischiopubic symphysis.

Cervicotomy is a surgical procedure involving an incision into the cervix, typically performed to facilitate the delivery of a fetus during obstetric complications when the cervix fails to dilate naturally.

Episiotomy is a preventive measure employed to avoid uncontrollable tearing of the vulva and perineum during parturition.

Uterine inertia is defined as the lack of normal physiologic uterine contractions during or after parturition. Two types of uterine inertia are recognized, primary and secondary.

A Cesarean section (C-section) is a surgical procedure performed to deliver a fetus when natural delivery is not possible or safe for the dam or the offspring.

Fetotomy or embryotomy is defined as those operations performed on the fetus for the purpose of reducing its size by either its division or the removal of certain parts of the fetus.

Fetal extraction or traction in animals refers to the assisted delivery of a fetus through the birth canal using obstetrical instruments like chains, snares, or extractors, especially during dystocia.