The testis is the primary andrological organ responsible for producing spermatozoa and the male sex hormone, testosterone. Morphologically, it is an oval-shaped, paired gland. The right and left testicles are separated by a muscular septum formed by the dartos muscle.
The scrotum is a bilobed sac/pouch (derived from the skin and fascia) and is the external part of the male reproductive system which encloses the testis. It is located between the thighs except in the case of the boar and tom cat.
The components of the male reproductive system in animals are the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, accessory glands (like seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands), and the penis.
Embryology of the male reproductive system refers to the study of how the male reproductive organs develop during the embryonic and fetal stages of life.
Puerperal metritis is the inflammation of uterus from the time of parturition to 2-8 weeks or more in all species. It is not accompanied by septic or general symptoms of illness.
Septic metritis is an acute inflammation of the uterus that occurs within 1–10 days after parturition (giving birth), characterized by the presence of systemic infection signs such as septicaemia (bacteria in the blood), toxaemia (toxins in the blood), and pyaemia (pus-forming bacteria in the blood).
Postpartum uterine infections in animals are bacterial infections that develop in the uterus following parturition.
The application of vulvar sutures is a key technique in managing vaginal, cervical, or uterine prolapse in large animals, particularly cattle.
Total uterine prolapse is a common complication of third stage of labour and more common in pluripara than primipara.
Retention of fetal membranes (RFM) in mares is potentially more serious affection than the same in cattle. In horses, RFM should be treated as an emergency.
