Atropine and the other muscarinic receptor antagonists Therapeutic uses of atropine and the other muscarinic receptor antagonists Atropine and the other muscarinic receptor antagonists are indicated in various clinical conditions. Antispasmodic As antispasmodic it can be used to control gastrointestinal hypermotility and hypertonicity of the uterus , urinary bladder,  ureter, bile duct and bronchioles. But  in the bronchiolar spasm […]

Cholinergic antagonists Drugs or agents which block the action of acetylcholine by blocking its receptors are known as cholinoceptor antagonists or anticholinergic drugs or cholinergic blockers. Based on the receptors that are blocked, these drugs are termed as muscarinic receptor antagonists and nicotinic receptor antagonists. Classification of Cholinergic antagonists Muscarinic receptor antagonists block the actions of acetylcholine

OPC Poisoning in Animals Organophosphorus compounds or OPC poisoning is usually seen in animals, here you can read symptoms and treatment. Symptoms of OPC poisoning Treatment of OPC poisoning

Anticholinesterase drugs Anticholinesterase drugs inhibit cholinesterase enzyme and protect acetylcholine from hydrolysis, thereby increasing the concentration of ACh at cholinergic sites. Anticholinesterase drugs are classified in two categories- 1. Reversible anticholinesterase (RAC) Edrophonium A short acting reversible choline esterase inhibitor differs from other drugs in this group. Edrophonium primarily binds with the anionic site of

Cholinergic drugs Drugs that produce actions similar to acetylcholine (ACh) either by interacting with cholinergic receptors or by increasing availability of ACh at the receptor sites are called Cholinergic drugs. The term cholinomimetic indicates an acetylcholine like effect at all cholinergic sites in the body including parasympathetic nerves, somatic nerves, CNS and autonomic ganglia. On the

Cholinergic receptors Cholinergic receptors are of two types – Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are named after Amanita muscaria are G protein coupled receptors and Nicotinic are ligand gated ion channel receptors. Muscarinic receptors Muscarinic receptors are named because of their activity related to muscarine, an alkaloid. These  are  G – protein receptors and binding of acetylcholine

Cholinergic neurotransmission Acetylcholine is the Cholinergic neurotransmission substance at the parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, somatic myoneural junctions and probably in certain CNS regions. Neurohumoral transmission processes seem to be basically quite similar at all cholinergic junctions. Synthesis of acetylcholine Acetylcholine is synthesized locally in the cholinergic nerve endings by the following pathway- Choline is

Neurohumoral transmission Neurohumoral transmission implies that nerves transmit message across a synapse and neuroeffector junction by the release of humoral or chemical messengers. The main events involved in neurohumoral transmission can be subdivided into- Axonal conduction Synthesis and release of neurotransmitter Receptor events Catabolism of neurotransmitter 1. Axonal conduction Axonal conduction refers to passage of impulse along