Veterinary Anatomy

Male Reproductive system or Male genital system Consists of the testis, epididymis, vas deferens, penis and accessory genital glands. Testis Epididymis Vas deferens Accessory genital glands Urethra Penis

From the respiratory bronchioles onwards, the structures contain alveoli in their walls and serve both as conducting and respiratory passages. The epithelium is initially simple cuboidal but become flattened or squamous later. No Goblet cells or glands occur in any part. The respiratory structures consist;  Respiratory bronchiole,  Alveolar duct,  Alveolar Sac,  Alveoli. Respiratory bronchiole These

trachea divides into two chief bronchi one for each lung, entering at the hilus, the bronchus divides into smaller bronchi which gives rise to several orders of bronchioles.  The general structure consists of a mucosa, muscularis, a fibro-elastic membrane which encloses a cartilage and loose collagenous peribronchial layer. Gradual changes in structure occur, as the

The lungs are paired organs located in the thoracic cavity. The surface of each lung is covered by a serous membrane (pleura). Each lung is divided into a number of lobes and pleura, dips into interlobar fissures tissue and covers interlobar surfaces. Each lobe is sub-divided by interlobular tissue into lobules. Each lobule is pyramidal

Trachea is thin walled, rigid tube continuing with larynx and terminates in two chief bronchi. The following layers are recognized: Mucosa Submucosa A layer of fibroelastic membrane with hyaline cartilage rings and Adventitia Mucosa It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous Goblet cells between the ciliated columnar cells. The basement membrane is distinct.

Respiratory system serves mainly for intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide. It may be divided into conducting and respiratory portions. The former are air-conducting tubes which connect external air with that portion of lungs where exchange of gases takes place. The tubes are hollow and comprise nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi of various

The thickness of the skin varies with age, sex species and body region. The Ox has the thickest skin and sheep has the thinnest skin. It is thickest on the back and on the extensor surfaces of limbs than on the belly and flexor surfaces. The skin is very thick on the tail of the

From the larger arteries of the subcutaneous tissue, branches pass into the reticular layer of dermis, where they form networks. From this network, branches pass into the papillary, layer where they form second network. From this the papillae, hair follicles, sebaceous glands etc., are supplied. The primary plexuses supplies sweat gland, fat lobules etc. The

Sebaceous glands These are associated with hair follicles and open into neck of hair follicle. In certain places of the body they occur independent of hair (e.g. glans penis, prepuce, labia vulvae, anus, external ear canal and tarsal glands of eyelids). Sebaceous glands are simple or branched alveolar, holocrine glands. The alveolus has a basement

The Hair follicle consists of the inner and outer epithelial root sheaths derived form the epidermis and connective tissue sheaths derived form dermis. The inner epithelial root sheath cuticle of root sheath similar to the cuticle of hair and lies against it. Huxley’s layer consisting of several rows of elongated cells, the cytoplasm containing eleidin-like granules.