“Insulin and glucagon are often secreted and act reciprocal­ly, Glucagon and insulin are concerned with regulation of blood sugar level”

“While Glucose tolerance test in normal dogs, blood glucose level should reach close to 160 mg/dL in 30 to 60 min and the level should reach the baseline normal values by 120 to 180 min”

“The Female dog may develop severe hypocalcemia and often hypophosphatemia near the time of peak lactation (1‑3 weeks) postpartum which is the result of failure of calcium homeostasis”

“Vitamin D3 is necessary for osteoclas­tic resorption and Calcium mobilization from bone. It increases the concentration of Calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma”

“Calcitonin decrease the blood Calcium concentration and decreases the blood Phosphate concentration”

“Parathyroid hormone elevates the blood Calcium concentration and decreases the blood Phosphate concentration”

“Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone provide a reciprocal inhibitory control mechanism to maintain the concentration of calcium in extracellular fluids within narrow limits”

“Antithyroid substances are useful in the treatment of hyperthyroidism by depressing the thyroid secretion”

“Hypothyroidism is common in dogs. Ingestion of goitrogenic substances also causes goiter”

“In human beings and sometimes in dogs, hypothyroidism causes subcu­taneous oedema due to accumulation of mucopolysaccharide rich materi­al under the skin. This condition is called as myxedema. Myxedema and alopecia have also been observed in calves and pigs born to iodine‑deficient mothers”