“About 10% of the circulating androgens in males and 50% in females come from adrenals. The sex steroids formation is controlled by ACTH”

“Electrolyte balance and blood pressure homeostasis are the principle physiological effects of mineralocorticoids”

“Prednisolone, a synthetic corticosteroid and Dexamethasone are powerful anti-inflammatory that are widely used in clinics”

“Birds, mice and rats secrete mostly corticosterone, dogs secrete equal amounts of cortisol and corticosterone, cat, sheep, monkeys and human secrete predominantly cortisol”

“Adrenal gland also known as suprarenal gland due to presence of these glands above the Kidneys”

“Pancreatic Polypeptide inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion and gall bladder contraction. Somatostatin inhibits its release”

“Somatostatin inhibits α, β and F cells thereby the secretion of insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide are inhibited”

“Low blood glucose level stimulates glucagon synthesis and release. Glucogenic amino acids like serine, glycine, alanine are powerful activators of glucagon output”

“Protein catabolism is enhanced in insulin deficiency and amino acids are used for gluconeogenesis. There is a negative nitrogen balance with weight loss and BUN level is elevated in Diabetes mellitus affected dogs”

“Structurally insulin of dogs, cats and pigs is identical. Insulin from cattle, sheep, horse, pig and dog differs only in positions 8th, 9th and 10th in A chain, hence the biolog­ical actions of insulin are not highly species specific”