X-rays are high-energy radiations with high frequency. (Energy is inversely related to wavelength) Because of their high energy, X-ray can able to penetrate materials, which readily absorb and reflect visible light.
Basic components of anaesthetic machine prepares a precise but variable gas mixture for delivery to a breathing system and Breathing systems supplies oxygen and anaesthetic gas/vapour to the patient and eliminates carbon-di-oxide from exhaled gases.
Injectable anaesthesia used to be given intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously in animals, but inhalant anaesthesia used to be given by the inhalant route with oxygen and other gaseous mixtures. Inhalent anaesthesia is safer, but it requires more equipment.
The analgesic action of opioids are not accompanied by loss of proprioception or consciousness unless excessive doses are given. Mu, Kappa & Sigma are the opioid receptor subtypes.
Xylazine (A widely used Alpha 2 Agonists) is a Sedative analgesic and sedative hypnotic. It has predictable sedative analgesic and muscle relaxant action.
Sedative analgesia are improved when Xylazine is combine with Ketamine. Xylazine also can be combined with Butorphanol, Guaifanesin and Benzodiazepine.
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine which used for sedation, anxiety relieve and anticonvulsant effect in animals.
Sedatives Sedatives used to induce sedation in animals. A mild degree of central depression in which the patient awake but calm. Sufficient stimulation will arouse the patient from sedation. Sedatives act by a dose dependent depression of the cerebral cortex. eg. Benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines such as Diazepam, Midozolam, Lorazepam, Zolazepam used as sedative in animals. Benzodiazepines
Tranquilizers Tranquilizers induce a state of tranquility and calmness in which the patient is awake, relaxed and unconcerned with its surrounding. These used as preanaesthetics in veterinary medicine. Sufficient stimulation will arouse the patient from tranquilizers. These act by depressing the hypothalamus and reticular activating systems. Examples of Tranquilizers are Phenothiazines (Acepromazine, Triflupromazine) & Butyrophenones
Anticholinergics as Preanaesthetic Anticholinergics like Atropine, Glycopyrolate and Pyrolate are used as preanaesthetic because of their anti secretory actions (Decrease Gastro intestinal and Respiratory tract secretions). Atropine Atropine decrease the oral, pharyngeal and respiratory tract secretions. Atropine dilates bronchi and increase both anatomic and physiologic dead space. Atropine suppresses the vagal influence on the heart,
