Supporting cells of nervous system Supportive cells of CNS are known as Glial cells or Neuroglia. Neuroglia is a special type of interstitial tissue which provides nourishment to the neurons. Glial cells serve as a connective tissue of the CNS and provide support the neurons, both physiologically and metabolically. They constitute 90% of cellular population, and […]
Classification of neurons Anatomical classification According to the number of processes that arise during embryological development. All developing neuroblast pass the stages where processes are formed. Apolar neuron There are no processes present in apolar types of neurons. Unipolar neuron They have a simple processes developing from soma. This process may split into two, one
Neurons Neurons are basic building blocks for communicating information using both chemical and electrical signals. Neurons are designed with specialized properties to receive process and transmit the information. Neurons like any cell have a cell membrane boundary, cellular organelles and extensions which perform conduction of information and reception. Cell membrane is electrically excitable. Neuronal shape and
Embryological development and divisions of nervous system Embryonic neural tube which is a hollow structure from epithelial origin, develop into brain and spinal cord. Brain is derived from anterior portion and spinal cord is divided from posterior portion of neural tube. Anterior portion develop into three swellings – Rombencephalon (Hind brain), Mesencephalon (Mid brain) and Prosencephalon
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Introduction of physiology of nervous system Nervous system is a structural and functional mechanism involved in the co-ordination of an animal’s response to internal and external environment. Nervous system collect information from outside and inside the body, as well as integrate the information. It comprises of collection of neurons to specialize to covey information with
Bone metabolism Bone consists of both organic and organic components. The major inorganic compound is calcium phosphate which accounts for 2/3rd of the bone weight. This calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide to from hydroxyapatite. Other inorganic compounds include calcium carbonate, sodium, magnesium and fluoride. The remaining organic portion of the bone is made up of
Synovial fluid in joints Joints Joint is a junction between two bones. It is also called as articulation. Joints are classified into three types- Fibrous Joints These are immovable and the bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue. Eg.: Joints found between the skull bones. Cartilaginous Joints These joints are slightly movable. Eg.: Intervertebral disks between the bodies of
Cerebrospinal fluid or CSF Cerebrospinal fluid or CSF is formed by the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles of the brain. CSF is periodically absorbed by the arachnoid villi of the subarachnoid space. This structure is quite large in man and horse, but generally small or microscopic in other domestic animals. The
Lymph contains few or no RBCs, numerous leukocytes, inorganic salts, glucose, NPN substances and some proteins. Lymph derived from the intestine during absorption contains lipids which gives milky white appearance known as chyle.
Concentration and urine characteristics of birds Concentration of avian urine Renal response to ADH in birds is similar to that of the mammals. In addition to the action of ADH on the tubular cells it also controls the functioning of reptilian and mammalian type of nephrons. Urine characteristics and flow Birds urine when mixed with faeces
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