Artificial respiration in animals Artificial respiration is resorted to in cases of cessation of respiration while under general anaesthesia drowning where the animal has been rescued from water – mainly applicable for small animals; poisoning by narcotics or paralytic substances asphyxia from fumes, smoke, gases etc. Method of administration In large animals The animal is […]
Respiratory Frequency in animals Respiratory frequency refers to the number of respiratory cycles each minute. Respiratory rate is an excellent indicator of health status, respiratory frequency can be affected by other factors, such as- body size, age, exercise, excitement, environmental temperature, pregnancy, and, breed. Pregnancy and digestive tract filling increase frequency because they limit the
Mechanism of Respiration Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature and pressure, there is an inverse relationship between volume and pressure of a gas- P1V1 = P2V2 where P is the pressure of the gas (mm of Hg), and V is the volume of gas (ml). Therefore, the pressure inside a closed container will decrease as
Gas laws useful in gas exchange Avogadro’s hypothesis Equal volumes of different gases at equal temperature contain the same number of molecules. Equal numbers of molecules in the same volumes at the same temperature will exert the same pressure. (One mole of any gas will contain 6.02×1023 molecules and will occupy a volume of 22.4 L
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities Pulmonary volumes and capacities are recorded by Spirometer. The recordings are known as Spirogram. Pulmonary Volumes Tidal Volume (VT) the volume of air entering or leaving the nose or mouth per breath. It accounts 70% of the total lung capacity. If an animal inhales more forcefully, it can increase the volume of
Trachea and Alveoli Trachea The lungs are paired organs located within the thorax. In general, the left and right lungs have two and four lobes, respectively. Trachea is the primary passageway of air to the lungs. It is located between larynx and bronchi. The tracheal wall contains cartilaginous rings to prevent collapse of the tracheal airway.
Respiratory Structures Respiratory tract is the conducting portion or airway consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Pharynx is a common passageway for air and food. The opening from the pharynx leading to the continuation of the airway is the larynx, the organ of phonation (sound production) in mammals. It is produced
Absorption and excretion in birds Absorption in birds Absorption of glucose occurs via both passive and carrier mediated transport system. Passive transport appears to predominate in the duodenum and jejunum. Chicken has a sodium dependent carrier system for the active transport of sugars. Carrier medicated transport of D -glucose is facilitated by a Na+-glucose co-transpoter protein. Amino
Avian Digestion in small and large intestine Small intestine Small intestine begins at the exit from the gizzard and ends at the junction of the small intestine, caeca and colon. It is relatively long and has a constant diameter. Of the three parts of the small intestine duodenum, jejunum and ileum, only the duodenum can be easily
Enzymatic digestion in birds After ingestion, the food is mixed with saliva and mucous to moisten the food. Amylase, is produced by the salivary and oesophageal glands. The secretions of the proventriculus or glandular stomach are hydrochloric acid, pepsin that acts on protein and the hormone gastrin that stimulates the production and release of gastric juice in
