Beta adrenoceptor agonists Miscellaneous myocardial stimulants Calcium gluconate Slow infusion Side effect- cardiac rigor and stand still Glucagon Positive inotrope Under investigation – refractory CHF
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Congestive heart failure These are some Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors used in treatment of Congestive heart failure in animals- Methyl Xanthine Bipyridine derivatives Pyridazone derivatives 1. Methyl Xanthine Theophylline, Etamiphylline, Aminophylline are examples of Methyl xanthines. here bolow, functions of these drugs descried- Block all PDE isoforms – effect on heart, kidney, smooth muscle,
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Congestive heart failure Read More »
before going through myocardial stimulants, have a look of congestive heart failure- Congestive Heart Failure Heart failure is a global term for the physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient in meeting the needs of the body and lungs. Often termed “congestive heart failure” or CHF, this is most commonly caused when cardiac output is low
Cardiac glycosides or Digitalis Synonyms- Cardiac glycosides / Digitalis / Cardiac inotrope The main source of cardiac glycosides is from the foxglove family. Their effectiveness in cardiac failure was, described by William Withering in 1775. He published his classic monograph ‘An account of the foxglove and some of its medicinal uses: with practical remarks on
Classes of drugs acting on heart Drugs acting on the heart can be classified into- Drugs that directly affect the myocardial cells which includes autonomic neurotransmitters and related drugs cardiac glycosides and other inotropic agents antidysrhythmic or antiarrhythmic drugs Drugs that affect the cardiac function indirectly through actions elsewhere in the vascular system calcium antagonists acting
Biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy Biopharmaceuticals These are therapeutic agents produced through biotechnological means, but not by conventional laboratory (chemical) synthesis. Biopharmaceuticals have their origin from the advancement in the knowledge of biotechnology and molecular cell biology. Biopharmaceuticals popularly called as “Designer Proteins” are the promising therapeutic tolls of the future. Examples are functional human peptides
Drug discovery and clinical trials Drug discovery Most new drugs or drug products are discovered or developed through one of the following methods: Identification or elucidation of a new drug target. Rational drug design based on an understanding of biological mechanisms, drug receptor structure, enzymes sites etc. Chemical modification of an existing molecule. Screening for biologic
“Any noxious change which is suspected to be due to a drug at normal doses, requires treatment or decrease in dose or caution in future use of the drug”
Factors that affect drug action Body size, Age, Sex, Species, Race, Diet and plane of nutrition, Genetics, Route of administration, Environment, Psychological, Disease states, Enzyme inhibitors and inducers are factors that affect drug action in animals. Body size influence the conc. achieved at the site of action. Doses are normally given for adults of medium
Dose response curve As the name indicates this refers to the plotting of the dose vs response, with the dose in X axis and response in some measurable units in the Y axis. The features of the curve so obtained will provide useful information about the action of the drug or in comparison among drugs.
