Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Nutritional causes of infertility are deficiencies of various trace minerals, inadequate vitamin intakes, energy protein imbalances, excessive protein intakes, etc.

Management causes of infertility are common causes for lowered infertility and repeat breeding in herds and must be differentiated from infectious form of infertility caused by Vibriosis and Trichomoniasis which are also herd problems.

Infertility due to acquired abnormalities in animals like lesions of various reproductive organs and affection of accessory glands.

Anatomical factors affecting fertility are congenital anomalies, freemartinism, segmental aplasia, white heifer disease, etc.

Hormonal or functional causes of infertility mostly affect individual animals within a herd. However, when a larger group of animals in a herd are affected, they frequently reflect some other problem such as inherited factors.

Infertility in the cows denotes a degree of reduced fertility which results in failure to produce or delay in producing the annual live calf.

Cystic Ovaries or Cystic Ovarian Degeneration is refers to the development of fluid-filled structures within or on the ovaries, which can disrupt normal reproductive function in animals.

Repeat breeding syndrome is one of the most important problems the veterinarian faces in the field. The cows are apparently normal and give no clue to the cause.

Anestrus in cows either because she has not come into estrus (non-cycling) or because oestrus was not detected (cycling).

There are different clinical methods of pregnancy diagnosis in farm animals (cattle and buffalo, sheep and goats, horses, and pigs) are used.