The hairs are flexible, horny threads developed form the epidermis. They are placed in deep narrow epidermal pits, which traverse the dermis to varying depths, and usually extend into the subcutaneous tissue. Each hair consists of a shaft which projects above the surface and a root embedded within the skin. At the root presents a knob-like expansion, the hair-bulb, […]
The function of skin is to protect the body and to serve as an organ of heat regulation, excretion and sensation. It consists of an epithelial part – epidermis and a connective tissue part – the dermis and other structures, such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweats gland etc. The hair, the horny portion of the hoof, nails or
Histology of Integumentary system cover- Skin Hairs Hair follicle Skin glands Blood vessels and nerves Species difference
In addition to capillary nets in the muscular coat and propria a rich capillary plexus is seen immediately under the epithelium. Capillaries also enter the epithelium. In the bladder there is a submucosa separated form propria, by bundles of plain muscle running longitudinally.
Ureter has connective tissue coat externally. The muscular coat consists of an outer circular and an inner longitudinal layer of plain muscle fibers. In the lower third there is an additional external longitudinal layer. The mucous membrane is thrown into folds and is lined by transitional epithelium.
Renal Pelvis and calyces are lined by transitional epithelium resting on loose connective tissue proper. The mucularis consists of two ill-defined layers of plain muscle and sphincter-like arrangement of the circular layer is found in each minor calyx at the base of each papilla and at the beginning of the ureter. A connective tissue coat
In the Ox and pig, numerous renal pyramids are present with the formation of minor and major calyces. In the horse, sheep and dog the apices of the pyramids do not appear separate and the inner part of medulla forms the renal crest (results of fusion of papillae in the embryo), which shows numerous openings
The kidneys perform their functions by- Filtration of blood plasma in the glomeruli, Selective reabsorption by the tubules of substances which the body needed to retain, Active excretion by the tubules of certain substances to be added to the urine and Exchange of Hydrogen ions and formation of ammonia as a part of the process of acid base regulation. ‘Excretion of
The branches of renal artery at the hilus extend radialy between the pyramids as the inter lobar arteries. At the cortico-medullary junction they bend sharply and form short arches, the arcuate or arciform arteries. The arcuate arteries give a number of interlobular arteries, which ascend vertically through the cortical labyrinth towards the surface. From these interlobular
Renal corpuscle The glomerulus consists of a number of separate capillaries connecting an afferent arteriole with an efferent arteriole. These vessels are usually closer together where they enter and leave the glomerulus and this end is known as the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. The endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are extremely thin and the
