The 3rd to 7th cervical vertebrae form the caudal portion of the cervical region in animals and are crucial for supporting the neck, enabling movement, and protecting the spinal cord. These vertebrae exhibit species-specific variations in shape, articulation, and processes, which reflect the functional adaptations of different animals.

Anatomy of Axis Vertebra (Vertebra Dentata) in Animals The axis vertebra, also known as vertebra dentata, is the second cervical vertebra (C2) in animals. It is uniquely adapted to support rotational movement of the head by forming the atlantoaxial joint with the atlas (C1). This joint allows the head to pivot from side to side. The axis is

The atlas is the first cervical vertebra (C1) in animals, situated immediately caudal to the skull. It articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull to form the atlanto-occipital joint, allowing dorsoventral flexion of the head.

The cervical vertebrae form the skeleton of the neck. In the ox, horse, and dog, there are 7 cervical vertebrae. In all animals, including the fowl, the first and second cervical vertebrae, named atlas and axis respectively, are atypical vertebrae.

The vertebral column in animals is the central axis of the skeleton, consisting of a series of interconnected bones called vertebrae. It provides structural support, protects the spinal cord, and enables movement and flexibility.

The axial skeleton of domestic animals consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

The digits of the hindlimb in animals are the terminal segments of the pelvic limb, commonly referred to as the toes. These digits are made up of phalanges (bones of the toe) and often end with claws or hooves, depending on the species.

Metatarsal bones are the long bones located in the hind limb between the tarsal bones and the phalanges (digits). They form the skeleton of the metatarsus, which corresponds to the foot region.

Tarsal bones are a group of small, irregular bones that form the hock joint or ankle region in animals. These bones connect the lower leg (tibia and fibula) to the metatarsal bones of the foot and play a crucial role in supporting body weight, providing flexibility, and enabling movement of the hindlimb.

The fibula is a long, slender bone located on the lateral side of the hindlimb, running parallel to the tibia. In most animals, it plays a secondary role in weight-bearing but contributes significantly to the stability of the hock joint.