Reflex activities of brain stem Brain stem exhibits reflex activities- Light reflexes – Pupillary light reflex When light strikes the retina of either eye both the pupils constrict to reduce the amount of light passing through the pupil. Receptor organ is retina Sensory fibres pass via optic nerve that terminate in the pre tectal nucleus. This nucleus […]
Functions of BSRF BSRF is a neuronal network extending the length of the medulla, pons, midbrain and then projects into thalamus and hypothalamus. Caudally it is continuous with the internuncial neurons of the spinal cord. The efferent fibres of the reticular formation are organised into ascending and descending reticular formation. The ascending reticular formation projects
Medulla oblongata and Pons Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata is located in the top of the spinal cord. Has centres that control reflectes activities such as respiration, heart rate, vasodilation and blood pressure. Houses neural part ways that connect cerebral cortex and spinal cord The cranial nerves glosso-pharyngeal (IX), vagus (x), spinal accessory (xi) and the
Physiology of Brain stem Brain stem is the group of CNS structures continuous with the spinal cord. It forms a vital link between the spinal cord and higher centres of the brain. It comprises of medulla oblongata and pons that controls many of the life sustaining process and baseline activities of skeletal muscles. These comprise
Physiology of Midbrain Midbrain is a relay centre. Extends from pons to thalamus concerned mainly with auditory and visual relay system. It has dorsal portion namely the corpora quadrigemina which consists of two pairs of colliculi and ventral portion namely the cerebral peduncle. Roof of the midbrain is known as Tectum which has pair of
Cerebellum Cerebellum is encased in cerebellar hemisphere and is located the back of the brain. Responsible for motor coordination by integrating sensory inputs from receptors located from muscles eyes and ears with motor orders of the fore brain. It maintains equilibrium and posture. Present in the anterior part of the brainstem, dorsal to the pons
Interbrain (Diencephalon) Structures including epithalamus, subthalamus (ventral area), thalamus (dorsal area), hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal gland constitute the Interbrain (Diencephalon). The epithalamus functions as olfactory centre. Subthalamus regulates motor activity through reticular nucleus.
Pineal gland physiology Pineal gland is the main translator of photoperiodic effect in animals. The pineal gland produces a hormone, melatonin in response to darkness. Light passes from the retina to supra chiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, superior cervical ganglia and to pineal gland. The melatonin inhibits gonadal activity. Cat and horse are positively affected with
Thalamus and Functions of it Thalamus Thalamus is a sensory relay station and is important in motor control and play a major role in control of cerebral excitability. Located deep within the brain near the basal nuclei forms the part of diencephalon. Represented by large grey mass related medially to the third ventricle and at
Amygdala Amygdala morphologically forms the part of the basal ganglia and has bi-directional connections with hypothalamus. Amygdala receives input signals from all the portions of the limbic cortex, the orbital surface of the frontal lobe, cingulate gyrus, hippocampal gyrus, neocortex of the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes especially from the auditory olfactory and visual associated
