Natural Sources of drugs in pharmacology There are various sources of drugs available in nature such as plants, animal and minerals. in this article we will discuss about Natural and microbial source of drugs. Plant sources of drugs Many drugs available from plants are even today used in the treatment of pathological conditions. With the […]
Pharmacology related terms Pharmacology is the science that embraces the knowledge of the history, source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs. It is also defined as an experimental science dealing with the properties of drugs and their effects on living system. Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is
Scope and Branches of Pharmacology Scope of Pharmacology Pharmacology is the science which involves all aspects of the action of drugs on living system. It is the study of the therapeutic value and/or potential toxicity of chemical agents on biological systems. It targets every aspect of the mechanisms for the chemical actions of both traditional and
History of Pharmacology History of Pharmacology can be divided in these five Eras- Ancient medicine era Pre-Christian era Mediaeval medicine era Revolts medicine era Modern medicine era 1. Ancient medicine era Chinese medicine is the earliest and records dated about 2500 B.C. available today give an idea about the medical knowledge of Chinese. In Chinese
Regulation of respiration in birds Respiratory centres as are as in mammals, Chemoreceptors are also important for regulation of respiration in birds Most of these receptors are present in lungs and they detect CO2 levels in lungs and not of blood. They are stimulated by low CO2 level and once stimulated they reduce respiration. The central chemoreceptors
Airsacs and Mechanism of respiration in birds The lungs are small and attached to ribs and are rigid; they do not expand or contract during the respiratory cycle. Large discrete air sacs are present. Both inspiration and expiration are active. Respiratory system beginning from external nares leads to nasal cavities, which open into pharynx. The
Mucociliary system of lungs Functions of mucociliary system Aerosol is the collection of particles/lipid droplets which are small enough to remain suspended in the air for a period of time. Aerosols suspended in air are inhaled Aerosols are classified as inhalable/PM 10 (10µ or less) and respirable/PM 2.5 (2.5µ or less) These inhaled particles are
Functions of lungs other then respiration Animals are exposed to pollutants like dusts, ammonia, pungent gases carbon monoxide, products of plant and animal origin, parasites, bacteria, viruses, spores, endotoxins, diesel fumes, ozonized oxides of nitrogen. During transport the animals and animals reared under intensive housing are exposed to stressor promoting agents like pneumonia/pleuritis. Non-infectious stress
Role of respiratory system in Acid–base balance Blood PCO2 can be varied extensively because the partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli determines the amount of CO2 dissolved in blood. The respiratory mechanism depends upon the sensitivity of respiratory control systems to change in blood PCO2 and pH. A small increase in PCO2 or decrease in pH stimulates pulmonary ventilation, so
Carbon dioxide equilibration curve and hypoxia CO2 equilibration curve The total quantity of CO2 combined with blood in all forms of transport of CO2 depends on PCO2, which can be expressed through the CO2 equilibration curve. The PCO2 ranges between 40mm. Hg in the atrial blood and 45mm. Hg in venous blood. At the capillary bed the concentration of
