Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Hydrallantois is characterized by sudden & excessive fluid accumulation in allantoic cavity. It is seen sporadically in dairy & beef cattle.

Hydramnios is a excess accumulation of amniotic fluid in amniotic cavity. It is characterized by gradual filling of amniotic cavity.

Three dropsical conditions of fetal membranes and fetus may be seen in bovine obstetrics. These are edema of placenta, dropsy of fetal membranes and dropsy of fetus.

The determination of fetal age in cows is important for several practical and legal reasons, including identifying the age of an aborted fetus, fulfilling insurance requirements, and addressing vetero-legal cases.

Physical and miscellaneous causes of abortion in livestock encompass a broad range of external and internal factors that adversely impact gestation.

Hormonal and nutritional causes of abortion in livestock are critical factors affecting reproductive efficiency and fetal development.

Chemical and plant causes of abortion in livestock are significant yet often overlooked factors contributing to reproductive losses.

Sample collection for abortion cases is important because appropriate specimens for diagnostic laboratory assistance in proper diagnosis.

Abortion in cow is the expulsion of dead or live recognizable size fetus at any stage of gestation (45-60 days onwards to parturition).

The placenta serves as a vital endocrine organ during pregnancy, producing several hormones essential for fetal development and maternal physiological adaptation.